Chapter 25 Question

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH

High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

Afferent arterioles

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

blood cells and large particles

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?

damage to the filtration membrane

Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine?

decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids

Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time and (2) regulated by hormones?

distal convoluted tubule

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

electrolyte levels

The __________ is a skeletal muscle under conscious control that allows urine to leave the bladder.

external urethral sphincter

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

Which of these should NOT normally appear in urine?

glucose

What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Vasa recta blood osmolality is critical to maintaining the countercurrent mechanisms of the nephron. Where is vasa recta blood osmolality the highest?

in the deep medulla

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

is drained by an efferent arteriole

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

micturition

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

nephron

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease

The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

plasma protein

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

protein

What area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which part of the renal tubule is lined with cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

proximal convoluted tubule

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

renal cortex

The filtration membrane includes all except ________

renal fascia

Identify the functional area of the kidney at letter B.

renal pyramid

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

secondary active transport

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

slightly higher than water

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

to regulate body fluid by controlling excretion from sweat glands

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

transitional

Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra?

transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

May lead into meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels

Efferent arterioles

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR.

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

False

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

False

The longer the nephron loop descends into the medulla, the less concentrated the urine will be.

False

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

Glomerular capillaries

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

Peritubular capillaries

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?

The extrusor muscle must relax.

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True

Play a role in urine concentration.

Vasa recta

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions into, along with sodium reabsorption from, filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

aldosterone

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

25 mm Hg

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

The area at C will eventually drain urine into the __________.

ureter