Chapter 25: Respiratory System

The normal partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary vein plasma is

100 mm Hg

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100 mm Hg.

The normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in interstitial fluid is

45 mm Hg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45 mm Hg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

45 mm Hg

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45 mm Hg

What process involves the exchange of gases with the environment?

All of the answers are correct Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Breathing Diffusion of gases from the alveoli to the blood capillaries

The concentration gradient at the interstitial tissues causes

CO2 to diffuse into blood and O2 to diffuse out of blood

_______ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

The concentration gradient at the alveoli causes

O2 to enter blood and CO2 to leave blood

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

P outside < P inside

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

P outside > P inside

How does the pressure "P4" at label "4" compare to the pressure "P5" at label "5"?

P4 is always lower than P5.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"?

both rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate

Boyle's Law of Gases states that

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

A 10-percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

increase the rate of breathing

During quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle

internal intercostal

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.

internal intercostal

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

Which respiratory organ(s) has a cardiac notch?

left lung

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveioli

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Identify the structure labeled "7."

oropharynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

oropharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

What is the function of the structure labeled "8"?

prevents food from entering the larynx

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

primary muscle of inspiration

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation:

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

the lower respiratory system

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx

The three processes of external respiration include all of the following except:

the uptake of oxygen and the productio of carbon dioxide by the cells

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

the vestibule

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

the volume of the thorax increases

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

Which structure vibrates to produce sound?

11

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except

acting as a damping chamber when coughing.

Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

all of these answers are correct

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

apex

About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood

as carbonic acid in the red blood cells

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.

conducting portion

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues

decreased pH

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

decreases

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

The term hypercapnia refers to

elevated PCO2

Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.

eupnea; costal breathing

What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg?

exhalation

Identify the structure labeled "2."

external nares

Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration

from the tissue cells into the blood

Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

The number of lobes in the right lung is

greater than the number of lobes in the left lung

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is

greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.