Chapter 25

Among the Enlightenment-inspired reforms of Alexander I was: A. The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces. B. A recognition of the rights of Jewish minority groups. C. The rejection of an alliance with Austria and Prussia. D. The introduction of a British-style parliament which made him a constitutional monarch.

A. The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces.

Among other measures, the system proposed by Sergei Witte: A. Lowered taxes on the peasantry, to stimulate agricultural production. B. Converted to the gold standard in order to stabilize the currency. C. Was rejected by Nicholas II and resulted in his imprisonment in 1892. D. Limited heavy industrial output.

B. Converted to the gold standard in order to stabilize the currency.

The Rose Garden Edict (1839) did all of the following except: A. Proclaimed its congruence with Islamic law. B. Freed Christians and Jews from unusual burdens. C. Enumerated basic human rights. D. Introduced a military conscription system.

B. Freed Christians and Jews from unusual burdens.

The emancipation of Russian serfs fell far short of liberating the peasantry for all of the following reasons except: A. Land was turned over to the control of local mirs, which in turn allocated parcels to individual serfs. B. Newly freed serfs were encouraged to emigrate to the Kingdom of Poland and farms were abandoned. C. Former serfs had to make annual payments to the state, to pay back long-term government loans. D. The decree took two years to be fully enacted.

B. Newly freed serfs were encouraged to emigrate to the Kingdom of Poland and farms were abandoned.

Foremost among the aims identified by Vladimir Lenin in his treatise What Is to Be Done? was: A. The implementation of collectivized farms throughout Russia. B. The overthrow of the tsar. C. The incorporation of the wishes of the Russian masses, whom Lenin trusted implicitly. D. The elimination of the Mensheviks in the Duma.

B. The overthrow of the tsar.

In _____, after widespread revolts against tax increases to cover a lavish European trip by the shah of Persia, a constitutional revolution put parliamentary limits on the Qajar regime. A. 1979 B. 1844 C. 1906 D. 1914

C. 1906

Continuing the repressive policies of his father, Nicholas launched a pogrom of Russian _________ in 1903-1906, triggering mass emigrations to the United States. A. Ukrainians B. Intellectuals C. Jews D. Anarchists

C. Jews

Even though Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls of Vienna in several places in 1683, a __________ relief army allied with the Habsburgs arrived just in time to drive out the besieging forces. A. French B. Hungarian C. Polish D. Russian

C. Polish

The "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 declared that all Ottoman subjects, regardless of _______, had the right to education, employment, and administration of justice. A. Social class B. Ethnicity C. Religion D. Gender

C. Religion

Among the innovative measures proposed by Nikolai Chernyshevsky in his novel What Is to be Done? was: A. The celebration of "Russianness" in culture and the rejection of Western influences. B. The overthrow of the tsar. C. The liberation of women. D. The implementation of collectivized farms throughout Russia.

C. The liberation of women.

In the mid-1700s, agents responsible for the collection of taxes, like the "notables" in the Balkans and the "valley lords" in western Anatolia: A .Re-established centralized Ottoman power in the sultan's domains. B. Succeeded in preventing a war with Russia, since they realized their troop strength was inadequate. C. Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul. D. Cooperated with local religious minorities and encouraged foreign trade.

C. Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul.

In 1792, the sultan and his viziers proclaimed a "new order" for the army, in which: A. Troop numbers were sharply reduced and trained in the latest European techniques. B. Funding was demanded directly from the valley lords and not from the central treasury. C. The Janissaries were allowed to re-convert to Christianity and adopt pacifism. D. A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries.

D. A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries.

Junior military officers launched a coup in 1908 and forced the sultan to: A. Convert to Shiite Islam. B. Reform the tax system by abolishing the land registry. C. Abdicate in favor of his son. D. Accept a new parliament.

D. Accept a new parliament.

In order to survive, Shiites developed the theological concept of taqiyya, which: A. Promotes ecumenical arrangements with Jewish groups. B. Allows them to parade their identity, in defiance of Sunni authorities. C. Permits the murder of Sunni, in the cause of jihad. D. Allows them to pretend they are Sunnis.

D. Allows them to pretend they are Sunnis.

Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to: A. Impose a new jizya tax on religious minorities. B. Abandon the policy of conscripting an army, since it had proven ineffective. C. Hold elections for a Parliament, in order to share the blame for his defeat. D. Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.

D. Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree

became independent of Ottoman rule in a war of liberation (1821-1832), and it was the first country in which ethnic nationalism was an element in its foundation. A. Albania B. Egypt C. Cyprus D. Greece

D. Greece

Napoleon's invasion of Ottoman Egypt in 1798 and Russia in 1812 drove home to their rulers that: A. If united in sufficient numbers, even under-equipped soldiers could destroy a mobile army. B. His mobile artillery units drilled inflexible formations were no match for their mercenary armies. C. They would have to ally in a common cause against Western European aggression. D. His armies of mass conscripts, equipped with flintlock muskets, were superior to theirs.

D. His armies of mass conscripts, equipped with flintlock muskets, were superior to theirs.

Theoretically, the Land Code of 1858 subjected all users of the "sultan's land" to taxation, but: A. The sultan could not prove his legal title to many parcels of land, so the system was abandoned. B. The "notables" refused to collect the taxes, since they feared an uprising among Slavs. C. Islamic scholars ruled that this was contradictory to their understanding of Sharia. D. The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors.

D. The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors.

When they established power, the Qajars: A. Pursued an aggressive agenda of conversion to Shiite Islam, like the Safavids. B. Confiscated the clerics' revenues from landholdings in the vicinity of their mosques and schools. C. Drastically restricted the rights and powers of the Shiite clerical hierarchy. D. Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges.

D. Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges.

Ottoman troops were able to repress nationalist agitators in Macedonia in the 1890s because: A. None of the groups received outside support in their effort. B. The Janissaries, many of whom were Macedonian, persuaded their compatriots to put down their weapons. C. Germany forcefully intervened on the side of the Ottomans and called a halt to the movement. D. Bulgarian and Greek revolutionaries disagreed over where the post-Ottoman borders should be drawn.

None of the groups received outside support in their effort.