Chapter 26

2. Shogun: define-

"general"; a powerful military leader in Japan.

IV. Japan a. Remember... 1. Samurai: define-

"those who serve"; Japanese warriors similar to the knights of medieval Europe.

a. Who was Hong Xiuquan?

A Christian convert who thought of himself as the younger brother of Jesus

iii. Who was Yuan Shigai? Describe his rule and what happened.

A member of the old order and he controlled the army. He had been placed in charge of the imperial army, but he abandoned the government and negotiated with members of Sun Yat-sen's party. He agreed to serve as president of a new Chinese republic and to allow the election of a new legislature.

2. Describe the Japanese reaction to these influence.

A national reaction had begun by the end of the 1800's and many Japanese artists began to return to older techniques. The cultural exchange went the other way. Japanese arts and crafts, porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, and woodblock prints became fashionable in Europe and North America.

iv. Social structures: describe each of the following. 1. Army

A new imperial army was formed in 1872 based on compulsory military service and required all Japanese men serve for three years. The new army was well equipped with modern weapons.

ii. What was the policy of 'self-strengthening?'

A policy promoted by reformers towards the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions.

ii. The Open Door 1. What was the Open Door policy?

A policy proposed by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1889, that stated that all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country.

ii. Define and explain spheres of influence.

Areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges. These were areas in which imperial powers had exclusive trading rights.

1. Why did the British begin the Opium War? What effect did opium have on China and the economy?

Because the Chinese wanted the British to stop the Opium trade bc it was so addictive and they refused so the Chinese blockaded the foreign area in Guangzhou to force traders to surrender their opium and the British responded with force, starting the Opium War. The opium made the Chinese jump dramatically

4. Women

For the first time women were allowed to seek an education

c. The Revolution of 1911 i. Who was the "last emperor"?

Henry Pu Xi.

2. What were some of the negative effects of the changes?

Imperialism had imposed a state of dependence on China, and many Chinese were exploited, it also condemned the country into a condition of underdevelopment. Its local industry was destroyed and many of the profits in the new economy went to foreign countries rather than back into the Chinese economy.

b. How successful was the revolt?

It continued for 10 years, then began to fall apart and the Chinese forces with European aid, destroyed the remaining forces

b. Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure i. What was the Treaty of Kanagawa?

It provided the return of shipwrecked American Sailors to be able to return, the opening of two Japanese ports to be opened to Western traders, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.

i. What was the role of Russia?

It took advantage of the Qing dynasty's weakness to force China to give up territories north of the Amur River in Siberia

3. Describe the new constitution of 1889. How democratic was it?

It was modeled after that of Imperial Germany and gave most of the authority to the executive branch. The final result of the constitution was a political system that was democratic in form but authoritarian in practice. Although modern in external appearance, it was still traditional because power remained in the hands of a ruling oligarchy (the Sat-Cho leaders). The system allowed the traditional ruling class to keep its influence and economic power.

iii. What was the Revolutionary Alliance?

It was supported by an emerging urban middle class, and its program was based mainly on Western liberal democratic principles

2. What was the Boxer Rebellion? How did it end?

It was when they rebelled in 1900 and killed missionaries and Chinese Christians and an allied army of 20,000 British, French, German, Russian, American, and Japanese troops attacked Beijing in August 1900 and restored order and ordered that the Chinese government pay a heavy indemnity to the powers they had crushed during the uprising.

6. Negative effects

Many commoners were exploited in the coal mines and textile mills. Workers labored up to 20 hours a day and coal miners worked in some areas where the temp. Sometimes reached up to 130 degrees F. When they tried to escape, they were shot.

iii. Culture 1. What Western ideas came to China?

Modern means of transportation and communication, created an export market, and integrated the Chinese market into the 19th cent. world economy.

2. What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)?

Rivalry with Russia over influence in Korea led to increasingly strained relations. The Russo-Japanese war began in 1904, and Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in 1898. In the meantime, Russia had sent its Baltic fleet half-way around the world to East Asia, only to be defeated by the new Japanese navy off the coast of Japan. After their defeat, the Russians agreed to a humiliating peace in 1905. They gave the Liaodong Peninsula back to Japan, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin, an island north of Japan. The Japanese victory stunned the world and Japan had become one of the greatest powers.

3. What was the role of the Empress Dowager Ci Xi?

She became a dominant force in court, and she opposed the emperor's reforms. She also, with the aid of the imperial army, imprisoned the emperor, and imprisoned, exiled, and prosecuted the other supporters, and these actions ended the emperor's reforms.

2. How did the Japanese respond?

Some shogunate officials recommended political compromises, but under military pressure Japan agreed to the treaty of Kanagawa with the U.S.

3. Who won the war? What did the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) say?

The British and the Treaty said/agreed that the Chinese open 5 coastal ports to British trade, limit taxes on imported British goods, and pay for the costs of war.

iii. Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) 1. Explain the war between Japan and China from 1894-95.

The Chinese went into war against Japan over Japanese inroads to Korea, a land that China had controlled for a long time, and the Chinese were soundly defeated.

3. What happened with Korea in 1910?

The Japanese annexed Korea outright. (Took for themselves)

v. Japanese expansion 1. What were the relations with China like?

The Japanese began their program of territorial expansion close to home. They claimed control over the Ryukyu Islands which belonged to China in 1874, and the Chinese began to worry about the Japanese growing influence over Korea. In the 1880's the Chinese-Japanese rivalry over Korea intensified and in 1894 the two nations went to war, and Japan won. In the treaty ending the war, China recognized Korea's independence

ii. Europeans also came to Japan, as they had to the rest of Asia. 1. What was the initial impact of Westerners on Japan?

The Japanese followed the Western nation's example, while trying to preserve Japanese values. Western nations wanted to end Japan's isolation, believing that the expansion of trade on a global basis would benefit all nations.

2. Education

The Meiji leaders realized the need for universal education, and in 1871 a new ministry of education adopted the American model of elementary and secondary schools, and universities. It brought foreign specialists to Japan to teach, and it sent students to study abroad.

iii. Meji Economics: describe the changes in each of the following categories. 1. Land reform

The Meiji leaders set up a land reform program, which made the traditional lands of the daimyo the private property of the peasants. The daimyo were compensated with government bonds; the leaders then levied a new land tax, which was set at an annual rate of 3% of the estimated value of the land. The new tax was a great source of revenue for the government, but a burden for the government.

ii. What happened in the Revolution of 1911?

The Qing dynasty collapsed and opened the way for new political forces.

2. What were the two main political parties? Describe each.

The liberals and progressives. The liberals wanted political reform based on the Western liberal democratic model, which vested supreme authority in a parliament. The progressives wanted power to be shared between the legislative and executive branches, with the executive branch having more control

ii. How were the reforms limited?

The new assemblies were not allowed to pass laws, but they could give advice to the ruler.

a. Define indemnity. -

The payment for damages.

ii. What reforms did he suggest?

The three-stage reform process, and his new organization the Three People's Principles

b. The Rise of Sun Yat-sen i. Who was Sun Yat-sen?

The young radical in the 1890's.

III. Revolution in China a. Fall of the Qing i. After the Boxer Rebellion, China tried again to reform. How?

There was a new education system put in place based on the Western models and the Civil service examination was set aside, in 1909 legislative assemblies were set up at the local level, elections for a national assembly were in 1910.

d. Cultural Changes i. What cultural tension existed in China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

There was a struggle between Confucian social ideas and those of the west.

1. What internal problems does page 518 describe?

There was an extended period of growth and the Qing dynasty began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence as well as the rapid growth which created a serious food shortage(s).

ii. Economy 1. Explain the changes that occurred in China.

There was growth of industry and trade that was especially noticeable in cities and national market for commodities like oil, copper, salt, and tea had appeared. The economy was way more productive, and foreign investments grew rapidly and the money went to the Chinese economy, and new crops brought in from abroad increased food production and encouraged population growth.

i. What role did warlords play in the Chinese government by the late 19th century?

They collected taxes and recruited forces that the government relied on to help fight the rebellion

d. Responses to Imperialism i. What concern did Great Britain and the US have about the Qing Dynasty?

They feared that other nations would overrun the country should the Chinese government collapse.

2. How did conservatives react to the reforms?

They opposed them and thought that the Chinese rules needed to be reformed and not rejected in favor of western changes.

ii. What reaction did the samurai have?

They resisted the opening of foreign relations and when the Shogun refused to end alliances with the West, the Sat-Cho leaders attacked the palace in Kyo to and their forces collapsed, ending the shogunate system and beginning the Meiji Restoration.

iii. The Boxer Rebellion 1. Who were the Boxers? What was their goal?

They were a members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists. They practiced a system of exercise that they thought would protect them from bullets. They wanted the foreigners pushed out of China.

3. Aristocratic privileges

They were abolished

2. What was the response of the Chinese government?

To open 5 coastal ports to British trade

ii. Political changes 1. How was the land reorganized in the Meji Restoration? Define prefectures.

To undercut the power of the daimyo the nre leaders stripped them of their lands in 1871 and in turn the lords were named governors of the territories formally under their control and the territories were now called "Prefectures"- in the Japanese Meiji restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord.

2. Taxes

Under the new system, the farmers had to pay the land tax every year, regardless of the quality of the harvest. As a result, in bad years, many peasants were unable to pay their taxes which forced them to sell their lands to wealthy neighbors and become tenant farmers who paid rent to the new owners, and by the end of the 19th century, about 40% of all farmers were tenants.

5. Western dress and sports

Western fashions and culture became the rage. A new generation began to imitate the clothing styles, eating habits, and social practices of Westerners. The game of baseball was also imported from the United States

vi. Japanese culture 1. Describe the influence of Western culture on Japan.

Western technology greatly altered traditional Japanese culture. Dazzled by European literature, Japanese authors began imitating the imported models. Other aspects of Japanese culture were also altered. The Japanese invited engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and the United States to teach their "modern skills" to Japanese students. The Japanese also copied the Western architectural styles.

iv. At the same time: internal crisis 1. What was the Hundred Days of Reform?

When the emperor Guang Xu issued edicts calling for major political, administrative, and education reforms. With these reforms he intended to modernize government bureaucracy by following the western models. He also intended to train the military to use modern weapons and Western fighting techniques

4. What was the Treaty of Tianjin?

Where the Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade and open new ports of foreign trade and surrender the Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain.

3. Industrial expansion

With budget needs met by the land tax, the government turned to the promotion of industry, and the Meiji government gave subsidies to needy industries, provided training and foreign advisers, and improved transportation and communications. By 1900, Japan's industrial sector was beginning to grow. Besides tea and silk, other key industries were weapons and shipbuilding.

4. Define extraterritoriality.-

living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country's laws

c. The Meiji Restoration i. Definition: define Meji Restoration.-

when new leaders embarked on a policy of reform that transformed Japan into a modern industrial nation; the symbol of the era was the young emperor Mutsuhito and he called his reign the Meiji or "enlightened rule"