Chapter 26 - Infectious Disease Prevention and Control

C

Immunity to disease through vaccination is known as: a. natural immunity. b. resistance. c. acquired immunity. d. herd immunity.

A

A client is using a primary prevention strategy to prevent infectious disease. Which of the following actions is the client most likely taking? a. A client receives a tetanus booster every 10 years. b. A client receives a tetanus booster after stepping on a nail. c. A client receives tetanus immunoglobulin after stepping on a nail. d. A client with tetanus is given antibiotics and is placed on seizure precautions.

C

A community is experiencing an epidemic of the measles. The nurse is trying to determine if this problem is happening in other communities as well. Which of the following resources should the nurse use to answer this question? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weekly Report b. Communicable Diseases Weekly Report c. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report d. Weekly National Report of Communicable Diseases

C

A man loudly protests his increased property tax bill right after the public health department has made a plea for more funds. "Why," he asks, "should my tax dollars be used to pay for their children to be immunized?" Which of the following would be the best response by the nurse? a. "Immunizations are required by law, and if their parents can't afford it, you and I will have to pay for it." b. "It's just the right thing to do." c. "Only by making sure most kids are immunized can we stop epidemics that might hurt all of us." d. "We're a religious God-fearing community, and we take care of each other."

A B C D E

A multisystem approach to community disease control would include such interventions as: (select all that apply) Select all that apply. a. community action programs. b. control of vectors. c. improved surveillance systems. d. legislation. e. provision of chemotherapy.

A

A nurse's Mantoux test is positive for exposure to tuberculosis. Which of the following conclusions should be drawn by the nurse? a. The nurse has been exposed to tuberculosis. b. The nurse has tuberculosis. c. The positive test result probably is due to a problem in the testing process. d. The test is inaccurate and needs to be repeated.

B

A student comes to the college health clinic with typical cold symptoms of fever, sneezing, and coughing, but the nurse also notes small white spots on the inside of the student's cheeks. Which of the following actions should be taken by the college health nurse? a. Inform all students, staff, and faculty of a possible rubella epidemic b. Inform all students, staff, and faculty of a possible measles epidemic c. Reassure the student that it is just a bad cold and will soon pass d. Tell the student to take two acetaminophen and drink lots of fluids

B

A student complains to the college health nurse that her academic work has been going downhill because of lack of sleep. "My 3-year-old probably misses her babysitter since she has started going to the big daycare center. She hasn't been sleeping well and keeps scratching her bottom. Hopefully, she'll adapt to daycare soon." Which of the following information should the nurse provide to the student? a. "Dry skin in winter weather can cause itchiness; try to put on lotion before bedtime." b. "Your daughter may have pinworms; let me teach you how to check for this." c. "Perhaps your child is not developmentally ready for group play." d. "Try to arrange more one-on-one time with your 3-year-old."

D

A student engages in unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol. The student decides to have an HIV test completed the next day. Which of the following results will most likely occur? a. The results will probably be negative for HIV. b. The results will probably be positive for HIV. c. The probability of disease is so low there is no reason to be tested. d. The test results won't be reliable so soon after exposure.

A

An American takes a long-awaited vacation in sunny Mexico, spending days on the beach eating fresh raspberries from a nearby vendor and drinking bottled water. The tourist may be altering: a. agent-host-environment interaction. b. circadian rhythms. c. herd immunity. d. resistance.

C

An example of secondary prevention for infectious disease prevention is: A. malaria chemoprophylaxis. B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) chemoprophylaxis for people with AIDS C. quarantine. D. restaurant inspections.

C

An instructor is reviewing Salmonella infections with her class. Which of the following comments indicates that the student needs further review on how Salmonella is spread? a. "Certain pets and farm animals may be Salmonella carriers." b. "It is possible to transmit Salmonella by person-to-person contact." c. "Salmonella may be spread by spores that form once contaminated blood is exposed to the air." d. "Salmonella outbreaks are usually due to contaminated meat, poultry, and eggs."

D

At a town meeting with public health officials to discuss a communicable disease outbreak, a nurse is asked to explain what is meant by the phrase "a virulent organism." The nurse explains that this means the organism causing the disease is able to do which of the following? a. Bypass normal immunological response mechanisms b. Invade major organ systems c. Produce toxins and poisons that weaken the body d. Produce very severe physical reactions

D

During an outbreak of hepatitis A, nurses are giving injections of hepatitis A immunoglobulin to selected susceptible persons. Which of the following best describes the type of immunity that will follow the administration of these injections? a. Active immunity b. Long-lasting immunity c. Natural immunity d. Passive immunity

A

Factors that contribute to newly emerging or reemerging infectious disease can be related to microbial adaptation and changes made by the infectious agent. However, most of the emergence factors are related to environmental changes and: a. consequences of human activities/behaviors. b. increase in the number of vectors. c. industrialization and urbanization. d. unpredictable variances in the climate.

B

For the nurse to fully understand the threat associated with the release of biological agents and participate in an appropriate response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that the biological agents most likely to be employed are those that both have a potential for high mortality and can be easily disseminated to produce: A. immediately severe symptoms. B. major panic and social disruption. C. multisyndrome effect. D. person-to-person transmission.

A

Protecting the nation's food supply from contamination by all the virulent microbes is complex, costly, and time consuming. However, much foodborne illness, regardless of causal organisms, can be prevented through simple changes in: a. food preparation, handling, and storage. b. importation regulations. c. pesticide usage. d. animal breeding practices.

B D

Six students order meals at a local restaurant. Which of the following students are at highest risk for illness? (Select all that apply.) a. The first student asks for a salad with chicken strips and dressing on the side. b. The second student asks for a hamburger, very rare. c. The third student orders a tuna salad sandwich with extra mayonnaise. d. The fourth student orders a breakfast meal with two very soft-poached eggs and toast.

A

Society bears the burden of infectious disease. That burden includes the effects of morbidity and mortality as well as the staggering: A. economic burden. B. fear burden. C. incidence burden. D. vulnerability burden.

B D

The advanced practice nurse explains that the client has an upper respiratory infection (URI) and suggests several measures that might make the client more comfortable. Which of the following best describes why the nurse doesn't just prescribe antibiotics as the client repeatedly requests? (Select all that apply.) a. Antibiotics are expensive, whereas the support measures would be almost free of cost. b. Viral diseases are not affected by antibiotics. c. Clinics cannot afford to continually give antibiotics to anyone who asks for them. d. The more antibiotics are prescribed, the more infectious agents develop resistance to such drugs.

D

There is great concern in the nurse's community over three local cases of West Nile virus. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to get the community involved in addressing this problem? a. Ask the state department of health for assistance b. Demand that everyone over age 65 become immunized immediately c. Encourage immunization of all children under 12 d. Have an educational campaign to remove any containers of standing water

B

To reach the desired goal of maximizing the full immunization rates for preventable communicable disease and increasing herd immunity levels, it is crucial for the nurse to: A. assume that the primary care physician has provided all appropriate immunizations. B. check an individual's immunization status at each and every visit. C. support parents who are reluctant to immunize their children. D. understand the difficulties in obtaining and maintaining immunization schedules.

A

Universal Precautions is a policy for all health care settings, where potential contact with blood or other body fluids exists, and requires that health care workers always perform hand hygiene and wear gloves, masks, protective clothing, and other indicated personal protective barriers. The underlying strategy for this policy requires that: a. blood and body fluids of all clients be handled as if infected. b. health care workers effectively use hand hygiene. c. health care settings are reservoirs of infection. d. effective infection control surveillance programs are in place.

B

Which of the following best describes the current goal in relation to communicable diseases? a. To control political borders so diseases cannot spread further b. To exterminate specific infectious agents one by one c. To expand health care facilities to improve infectious disease treatment d. To achieve worldwide immunization to control new cases

A

Which of the following best represents an example of infectious disease spreading via a vector? a. Being bitten by an infected mosquito b. Disease spreading from infected mother to infant via the placenta c. A group of partygoers hugging and shaking hands d. Two persons, one of whom is infected, sharing a glass of soda

A

Which of the following biological warfare agents poses the greatest bioterrorism threat to a community? a. Anthrax b. Botulism c. Smallpox d. Tularemia

B

Which of the following components of the epidemiologic triangle contributes most to a female client developing a vaginal infection caused by fungi after successful treatment of her strep throat with antibiotics? a. Agent b. Environment c. Host d. Agent and host

C

Which of the following data would most likely be collected in a syndromic surveillance system? a. Incidence of bioterrorism attacks b. Number of air travelers c. Incidence of school absenteeism d. Number of influenza vaccines administered

D

Which of the following infectious disease interventions best represents the use of secondary prevention? a. Clients with HIV infection are encouraged to use condoms to protect sexual partners. b. Clients with HIV infection are given medications to improve immunological response. c. Health care workers are encouraged to receive annual vaccinations for influenza. d. Health care workers are required to have a tuberculosis skin test or chest x-ray.

C

Which of the following is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States? a. Babesiosis b. Ehrlichiosis c. Lyme disease d. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

B

Which of the following is the most common vector-borne disease worldwide? a. Dengue b. Malaria c. Onchocerciasis (river blindness) d. Yellow fever

A

Which of the following is the most probable cause of the increase in new emerging infectious diseases? a. Activities or behavior of humans, including changes in the environment b. Increasing urbanization and growth in new housing materials c. New infectious agents are evolving throughout the world d. Overpopulation in many areas, creating a need to reduce global population

B

Which of the following is the number one cause of death worldwide? a. Chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, stroke) b. Infectious diseases c. Injuries (accidental or purposeful) d. Terrorism

A

Which of the following places best describes where the incidence of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is currently rising? a. Areas where people share dressing or bathing facilities b. Daycare centers and schools c. Long-term care facilities d. Senior citizen centers

C

Which of the following public health actions has been particularly instrumental in reducing childhood infectious diseases in the United States? a. Answering parents' questions about the safety and importance of vaccines today b. Educational campaigns to all health care providers about the importance of immunizations whenever a child is seen c. "No shots, no school" legislation, which legally requires children be immunized before school d. Offering all immunizations to all children free of any charge

C D

Which of the following symptoms suggests smallpox as opposed to the more common and much less dangerous chickenpox? (Select all that apply.) a. Child appears only mildly ill until late stages in smallpox. b. Lesions appear in various stages in the same area of the body rather than all at once. c. Rash lesions are most abundant on the face and extremities, not on the trunk. d. Rash occurs 2 to 4 days after sudden onset of fever rather than with the fever.