Chapter 26-Ming and Qing Dynasty in China

Daimyo before Tokugawa Shogunate

260ish daimyo with seperate ruling bodies who had relationships with Europeans and functioned as absolute leaders with separate governments

Population Change in China 16th-18th Centuries

Corn, Sweet Potatoes, and Peanuts allowed for crops to be more productive, causing 100 million in 1500 to grow to 225 million in 1750

Neo-Confucianism in Japan

Due to its emphasis on filial piety and loyalty to superiors it provided a respectable ideology underpinning for the bakufu. It was a government sponsored education system that was supported by the existing gov't. They promoted Neo-Confucian scholars

Emperor Kangxi (1654-1722)

Emperor of Qing dynasty who was a Confucian scholar, built irrigation and flood control system for farmers; expanded into central Asia and Caspian Sea; established a protectorate over Tibet

Daimyo During Tokugawa Shogunate

Empire wanted to control the Daimyo. Leaders created alternative attendance programs in which the Daimyo had to spend one year at Edo in the government court, then go back home so they would spread out their money; approval of marriages by the leader of the empire; not allowing daimyo to visit one another; monitoring and limiting foreign and daimyo relationships. Stayed in effect for 200+ years and maintained peace and stability.

Social Change in Japan

Following Chinese social hierarchy; growth of an urban lifestyle through floating worlds and Kabuki theatres

Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398)

Founded the Ming Dynasty to restore traditions after the Mongols "Yuan" Dynasty got rid of them. His goal was to provide stability by bringing back the civil service exam, bringing back Confucianism, and causing Mandarins and Eunuchs to come into power. He had a huge gov- bureaucracy and very centralized state

Queue

Hairstyle of the Manchu people forced onto Chinese men with ponytails and bald head shaved in the front.

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

Closed Door Policy

Japanese would not allow foreign trade and christianity within country from 1600s

Era of Sengoku 16th Century

"the country at war"; the 16th century where Japanese shoguns (military governors or lords) fought amongst each other and against retainers or the daimyo

Confucian scholar gentry

(civil service exam system) carried out social welfare measures, taught in private schools, helped negotiate minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the government's collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings.

Neo-Confucianism vs. Native Learning

A contest in Japan with forming a Japanese identity.

Zheng He Expeditions

A fleet of Chinese junks under the leadership of the eunuch Admiral Zheng He (1371-1433) that traveled on well-established Jajj routes from China to Southeast Asia, India, the Islamic world, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433.

Treasure Ships

A fleet of hundreds of ships set out to explore new lands under the ruling of Zhu di and Zheng He during the Ming Dynasty.

Kabuki Theater

A form of Japanese theater developed in the seventeenth century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Nurhaci (1559-1626)

Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies and powerful armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing. He created a Code of Laws and captured Korea and Mongolia

Forbidden City

Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Beijing built for Emperor Yongle. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.

Eunuchs

Castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China. They don't have a family and thus have complete loyalty to the Empire. Emperor Hongwu used them in positions of power in the Ming Dynasty

Floating Worlds

Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; called Ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior. They were secular entertainment and cultural centers in cities.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. Encouraged to become bureaucrats during Tokugawa Shogunate.

Scholar-Bureaucrats

Confucian scholar-gentry class of males who had passed the civil service exam who ruled China politically and socially

Civil Service Exam

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy. It was exhausting and competitive under the Qing Dynasty. It had an 8-legged essay and the degree was required for gov't positions as an opportunity for social mobility if you can afford it.

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Japan prior to Tokugawa Shogunate

Japan was a feudal state with very small regional governors called shoguns giving land to retainers/Daimyo who were land owning aristocrats. Then in 1600 the Bafuk military government was created with a figurehead empire and Tokugawa clan ruling

Daimyo

Japan's large landowners-A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Dutch and Japanese trade (1639)

Japanese limits foreign travel and trade with Europeans except for the Dutch in 1639

Jesuit Francis Xavier (1549)

Launched a mission to convert people to christianity in Japan. He had lots of success with Daimyos due to trade and there were 300,000 Christians by 1615. However, he faced severe resistance from Shoguns

Bakufu/Tent Government

Military government established by Tokugawa Ieyasu; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai

Native Learning (in Japan)

Neo-Confucianism did not dominate intellectual life in Japan so some sought to establish a sense of Japanese identify (Shinto) not dependent on a relationship with China. Scholars of "native learning" emphasized the importance of folk traditions and the indigenous Shinto religion for Japanese identity. They viewed Japanese as superior and were xenophobic. They feared outsiders and foreigners

Cultural Change of China in 16th-18th c.

Neo-Confucianism rose during this time as most people didn't know about Confucian teachings. Novels provided entertainment to people. Jesuits arrived to China in the 16th Century. China learned about Europe and Europe learned about China

Demographic Change in Japan

New agricultural methods lead to rapid population growth in the 17th century that slows down from 1700 to 1850 due to the discover of contraception, late marriage, abortion, and infanticide

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. They were pastoral nomads who had clashed with the Chinese since the Qin Dynasty. By the 1680s they had conquered China. They were Confucian educated but forbid intermarriage and Chinese learning of the Manchu language and forced men to have a Manchu haircut

Chinese Family

Patriarchal, hierarchical, and authoritarian. Increasing strength of patriarchal system

Mean People

People of the lowest status; did unskilled jobs; wore a green scarf to show their status; punished harsher for crimes; made up of slaves, prostitutes and entertainers

Ming Dynasty Decline

Pirates and Smugglers vs. an ineffective Ming navy; Ming emperors lived lavishly in the Forbidden City; concubines emerged; mandarins and Eunuchs gained tons of power because of the Emperors laziness and alcoholism but were ineffective at ruling

Alternative Attendance Policy

Policy that required daimyo to divide their time between the capital of their own domain and the shogun's capital city of Edo (Tokyo)

Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China. He learned Chinese and Confucian teachings and allowed ancestor veneration along with Christianity

Ming Dynasty achievements

Rebuilt the Great Wall to deal with Mongols on the North; encouraged the abandonment of Mongol culture; Forbidden City is a HUGE lavish area in Beijing where Eunuchs and Mandarins give the Emperor news

Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424)

Ruler of the Ming Dynasty. He launched the Zheng He expeditions to expand Chinese influence in global maritime with huge voyages and treasure ships. He moved the capital north to Beijing to watch over the Mongols so they couldn't take over and built the Forbidden City, which initially only allowed government officials and people the emperor liked

Jesuits in China (16th c.)

Series of Jesuit missionaries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success. Eventually they only converted 200,000 to Christians and Kangxi ordered the end of preaching Christianity

Japanese Isolationism 1630s

Shogun bans the construction of large ships; expels foreign merchants from Japanese ports except for the Chinese and Dutch at Nagasaki; limited foreign travel

Resistance to Christianity in Japan

Shoguns rejected Christianity and saw it as a rejection of traditions of Japanese. Thus, in 1612 Shoguns enforced Anti-Christian decrees to stop it from spreading.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; wanted to restore the traditions after the Mongols "Yuan" got rid of them; Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) to provide stability by the civil service exam and bringing back Confucianism, while relying on Mandarins and Eunuchs.

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into Neo-Confucianism in the Qing and Ming Dynasties. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief. The mix of Confucian values and Buddhist philosophy emphasized filial piety and obedience because most people didn't know about Confucian teachings

Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 CE)

The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats.

Chinese Social Hierarchy

The emperor is on top, scholar (bureaucrats, landed gentry of large landowners) next, small landowners and agricultural laborers next, artisans and workers, merchants, army, "mean people" (slaves, prostitutes, and entertainers)

Emperor Qianlong (1736-1795)

The grandson of Kangxi and next leader of the Qing dynasty. He led under great prosperity and such good economic growth that he cancelled taxes. He encouraged merchants to settle in conquered territories.

End of Samurai and Daimyo

There are no civil disturbances so there is the end of Samurai and Daimyo to maintain peace and stability. Samurai were encouraged to become bureaucrats and government officials but it didn't work well because they were resisting a move towards scholarship

Son of Heaven

Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth. He was seen as more than human but less than a God and lived a privileged and protected life in the Forbidden City. Everything was done to portray his grand authority, from his wardrobe to kowtow to concubines.

Economic Change in China 16th-18th Centuries

Trade brought new growth, though tight government regulation on foreign influences led to a loss of the tech race with Europeans. Chinese influence increased in SE Asia through European economic influence was present in Southern China through the Portuguese in Macau and British in Guangzhou. By the Qing dynasty, highly restrictive foreign trade led to growing isolationism.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan. He established the Bakufu tent government and military government in Edo or Tokyo

Tokugawa Shogunate

Was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. They used Neo-Confucian studies to promote traditional values and restricted foreign influence.

Dutch Learning

Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century as the only way to learn about the foreign world

Ming Collapse

When a series of famines struck China during the early seventeenth century, the government was unable to organize effective relief efforts. This led to peasant revolts. Corrupt rulers, high debt, high taxes, and bad harvest contributed to discontent. Rebel forces captured Beijing when Manchu forces from the north allied with the weak Ming army to remove rebels and then took over Beijing and kicked out the Ming leaders, creating the Qing Empire in 1644-1911