Chapter 27 HY102

On Map 27.4: The Holocaust, 1941-1945, which of the following groups of camps are only extermination camps (as opposed to concentration camps)?

Auschwitz, Chelmno, Belzec, and Majdandek

Who were the kulaks in Stalin's Soviet Union?

Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock and usually not allowed to join collective farms

What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?

Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?

British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler.

How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?

By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices

Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?

Germany and the Soviet Union

Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?

He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress.

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

It forced existing German social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology.

Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?

Stalingrad

According to Map 27.2: The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933-1939, by the end of 1938, Nazi diplomatic activities had changed the status of or added to Germany which of the following areas?

The Rhineland, the Sudetenland, and Austria

According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?

The Slavic race

How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?

They were lower.

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?

To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?

To preserve religious life in Germany

As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was

a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war.

The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as

a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women

could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science.

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of

the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he

used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?

The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country

Argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own

Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?

He urged Italian entry into World War I.

The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was

Hiroshima.

By ______________, Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe.

July 1940

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with

Russian peasants.

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?

They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers.

How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?

He left big business to regulate itself and never purged it members.

In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?

The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state.

What was the Holocaust?

The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?

He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?

They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.

What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?

It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.

What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?

It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again.

Which of the following social groups was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?

Highly regarded artists

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?

It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years.

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?

He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.

"We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall go under. That is what our obligations to the workers and peasants of the U.S.S.R. dictate to us. But we have yet other, more serious and more important, obligations. They are our obligations to the world proletariat. . . . We achieved victory not solely through the efforts of the working class of the U.S.S.R., but also thanks to the support of the working class of the world. Without this support we would have been torn to pieces long ago. . . ." In Stalin's view, how far behind the advanced countries was the Soviet Union in the early 1930s?

50 to 100 years

"There was no one to gather the bumper crop of 1933, since the people who remained alive were too weak and exhausted. More than a hundred persons—office and factory workers from Leningrad—were sent to assist on the kolkhoz; two representatives of the Party arrived to help organize the harvesting. . . . That summer (1933) the entire administration of the kolkhoz—the bookkeeper, the warehouseman, the manager of the flour mill, and even the chairman himself—were put on trial on charges of plundering the kolkhoz property and produce. All the accused were sentenced to terms of seven to ten years, and a new administration was elected. . . . After 1934 a gradual improvement began in the economic life of the kolkhoz and its members. . . . In general, from the mid-1930s until 1941, the majority of kolkhoz members in the Ukraine lived relatively well."Which of the following best characterizes the events of 1933 to 1941

After the Soviet-induced famine, the entire leadership of the kolkhoz was purged and conditions were allowed to gradually improve.

In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?

He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.

What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during World War II?

Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.

"In these kolkhozes the great bulk of the land was held and worked communally, but each peasant household owned a house of some sort, a small plot of ground and perhaps some livestock. All the members of the kolkhoz were required to work on the kolkhoz a certain number of days each month; the rest of the time they were allowed to work on their own holdings. They derived their income partly from what they grew on their garden strips and partly from their work in the kolkhoz. . . ."Which of the following most accurately describes peasant life on a kolkhoz?

Most of the land was owned by the state, but each peasant family had a small amount of land of their own.

Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?

So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well

"By late 1932 more than 80 per cent of the peasant households in the raion [district] had been collectivized. . . . That year the peasants harvested a good crop and had hopes that the calculations would work out to their advantage and would help strengthen them economically. These hopes were in vain. The kolkhoz workers received only 200 grams of flour per labor day for the first half of the year; the remaining grain, including the seed fund, was taken by the government. The peasants were told that industrialization of the country, then in full swing, demanded grain and sacrifices from them."According to Belov, how did the government justify taking almost all of the peasants' harvest?

The grain was needed to help keep up the pace of industrialization.

How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?

They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs.

Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?

They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and, more importantly, wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness."

Map 27.3: World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939-1945 shows important sieges in which three cities?

Warsaw, Leningrad, and Stalingrad

"In the past we had no fatherland, nor could we have had one. But now that we have overthrown capitalism and power is in our hands, in the hands of the people, we have a fatherland, and we will uphold its independence. Do you want our socialist fatherland to be beaten and to lose its independence? If you do not want this, you must put an end to its backwardness in the shortest possible time and develop a genuine Bolshevik tempo in building up its socialist economy. There is no other way. That is why Lenin said on the eve of the October Revolution: 'Either perish, or overtake and outstrip the advanced capitalist countries.'" In Stalin's view, if the people of the Soviet Union wanted to maintain their independence, they needed to

catch up with and surpass the West in terms of technology and industry as quickly as possible.

The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to

further encourage mutual trust among the Allies.