Chapter 27: Reproductive System

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number. 23; haploid 23; diploid 46; haploid 46; diploid

23; haploid

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation Submit

FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins? testosterone FSH GnRH LH

GnRH

chlamydia

Pathogen responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Which of the following does NOT occur in both the male and female sexual response? Muscles of structures in the reproductive duct contract rhythmically Blood flow to genital structures increases Blood pressure and heart rate increase A refractory period follows orgasm

a refractory period follows orgasm

Spermatogenesis is meiotic cell division that produces four genetically identical sperm cells. True False

false (Meiosis is the type of cell division used to produce gametes. However, during meiosis, there are many ways that variation is created between sperm cells. None of the sperm produced would be genetically identical.)

Which of the following is incurable? trichomoniasis gonorrhea genital herpes syphilis

genital herpes

Which male hormone provides negative feedback for the secretion of FSH? ICSH GnRH inhibin ACTH

inhibin

Which of the following reduces circulating blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when the sperm count is high? estradiol androgen-binding protein (ABP) luteinizing hormone (LH) inhibin

inhibin (Sustentocytes respond to elevated sperm counts by releasing inhibin, a hormone that suppresses release of FSH.)

acrosome

is the structure at the tip of a sperm that contains enzymes to gain access to an egg during fertilization.

sperm-

seed or sperm

Stem cells that give rise to sperm are

spermatogonia

syphilis

treponema pallidum

-metrium

layer of uterus

labio-

lips

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation. progesterone estrogen follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)

luteinizing hormone (LH) (When estrogen reaches a certain level in the body, it triggers a positive feedback loop that triggers an LH surge. This triggers ovulation.)

The constancy of the chromosome number for an organism from one generation to the next is maintained through ________. meiosis mitosis DNA synthesis cytokinesis

meiosis

During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed? proliferative phase preovulatory phase menstrual phase secretory, or postovulatory, phase

menstrual phase (The functional layer of the endometrium is shed during days 1 through 5 of the uterine cycle, a process called menses or menstruation.)

The middle embryonic germ layer that forms everything except the epidermis of the skin, nervous system, and epithelial linings and glands is the

mesoderm

meso-

middle or intermediate

endometrium

nutritive layer of the uterus prepared for the possibility of a fertilized egg

What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase? Glandular secretions commence Menstruation begins Stratum functionalis is shed Ovulation occurs

ovulation occurs (Ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary occurs at around day 14 of the cycle, just as the uterine proliferative phase ends and the secretory phase begins.)

If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place? passage of sperm cells from the epididymis duct to the epididymis tail passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra passage of sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testes passage of sperm cells from the rete testes to the epididymis duct

passage of the sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra (Since the ductus (vas) deferens is severed during a vasectomy, sperm cells can no longer pass from the epididymis to the penis.)

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________. hormonal action gravity enzymatic activity peristaltic contractions

peristaltic contractions

Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision? prepuce (foreskin) crus of the penis bulb of the penis glans penis

prepuce (foreskin) (The prepuce, or foreskin, forms a covering of the glans penis and is removed during circumcision. This procedure may confer some health benefits, particularly in cases of chronic infection, and is also a common religious practice.)

Which of the following is considered a role of primary sex organs? site of fertilization copulation secretions for copulation production of sex hormones

production of sex hormones (Primary sex organs have two main roles: production of the gametes and production of the sex hormones.)

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels. FSH LH estrogen progesterone

progesterone

Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females? promotes oogenesis suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes lactation promotes water loss (diuresis)

promotes oogenesis (Estrogens promotes oogenesis in the follicle.)

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation maximal LH secretion and menstruation early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus

regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease on ovarian progesterone secretion

Which of the following cells is released during ovulation? ovum secondary oocyte oogonium primary oocyte

secondary oocyte

Which of the following structures produces the greatest amount of the secretions found in semen? seminal glands epididymis bulbo-urethral glands prostate

seminal glands (The secretions of the seminal glands account for some 70% of semen volume and function to increase sperm motility and fertilizing ability)

Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes? rete testis, seminiferous tubule, epididymis, ductus deferens ductus deferens, epididymis, rete testis, seminiferous tubule seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens ductus deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, rete testis

seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens (This is the correct pathway. Sperm are stored in the tail of the epididymis until they are ejaculated. If they are not ejaculated, they will eventually break down and be phagocytized.)

Sperm is produced in the __________. ejaculatory duct epididymis ductus deferens seminiferous tubules

seminiferous tubules (Sperm are made in the seminiferous tubules. Rather, fluid flow in the seminiferous tubules carries sperm as they are made toward an exit point from the testis.)

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina? serves as a passageway for menstrual flow serves as the birth canal receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

Prostate cancer is ________. often the result of a distortion of the urethra sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient most common in Asians the number one cause of death in men

sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

A patient with trichomoniasis, if they have any symptoms at all, will most likely exhibit which of the following? yellow-green vaginal discharge and strong odor sterility painful lesions on the genitals pink rash all over the body

yellow-green vaginal discharge and strong odor

NCLEX Style question During the preschool examination of a 4-year-old boy, you are unable to palpate his testes within the scrotal sac. His parents state that previous exams have been normal, and that the testes are clearly visible during baths. What is the most likely explanation? Because he does not trust you, the boy is deliberately causing his testes to retract close to his body. A chilly examination room or your cold hands have activated the cremasteric reflex. The testes may have migrated back up into the boy's abdomen since the last examination. The parents' observations are probably incorrect.

A chilly examination room or your cold hands have activated the cremasteric reflex. (The cremaster muscles elevate the testes, pulling them higher in the scrotum in response to cold temperatures.)

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur? Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?estrogen FSH progesterone LH

LH

Which of the following is true of testosterone? The release of testosterone surges during ejaculation. Testosterone provides positive feedback on gonadotropin release. The production of testosterone is stimulated by FSH. Testosterone is produced by interstitial endocrine cells.

Testosterone is produced by interstitial endocrine cells

Which portion of the sperm contains the enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte? midpiece tail acrosome head

acrosome

Which of the following might be reported by a man with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)? feeling the bladder is full, even just after urinating having to strain to urinate pain after ejaculation or during urination All of the above.

all of the above

A man who has had a successful orchiectomy may still be able to have children because ______. the remaining testis is able, by itself, to produce a sufficient amount of testosterone the seminiferous tubules of the remaining testis are still active the epididymis posterior to the remaining testis is still functional All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct

labia minora

are the lips that enclose the vestibule of the female external genitalia.

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________. have impaired function of interstitial cells be unable to produce viable sperm not develop secondary sex characteristics be impotent (unable to have an erection)

be unable to produce viable sperm

Normally menstruation occurs when ________. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease blood levels of FSH fall off blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

gonorrhea

causes urethritis in males

What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? corpus albicans corpus luteum primary follicle vesicular follicle

corpus luteum (The corpus luteum forms at the beginning of the secretory phase and produces hormones that support the uterus. When it degenerates about 12 days later, the uterus enters menses.)

A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of veins in the pampiniform plexus which may hinder blood flow through the pampiniform venous plexus into the testicular vein. The reduced venous drainage and the resulting elevated testicular temperature may be caused by ______. defective venous valves in the testis elevated systemic arterial blood pressure elevated core body temperature reduced testicular arterial blood flow

defective venous valves in the testis (The pampiniform venous plexus is a vascular network that surrounds each testicular artery. It reduces the testicular temperature by absorbing heat from the arterial blood, cooling it before it enters the testes.)

acro-

end, tip, or height

Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function? ductus deferens: carry sperm toward ejaculation bulbourethral gland: neutralize urethra before ejaculation epididymis: produce sperm seminal vesicles: produce semen

epididymis:produce sperm (the epididymis is where sperm is stored and matured)

Which of the following female sex hormones is most responsible for estrogenic effects? progesterone estrone estradiol estrio

estradiol (Estradiol is most abundant and most responsible for estrogen's effects.)

The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________. sexually transmitted infections failure of the testis to make their normal descent a diet high in fat smoking

failure of the testis to make their normal descent

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs. True False

false

The mammary glands are well developed in all females. True False

false (The mammary glands become active during pregnancy. In females who have never become pregnant, the ductwork is fairly rudimentary.)

Oocytes complete meiosis II before they are fertilized. True False

false (Female infants are born with primary oocytes that are stalled in prophase I until puberty. At the onset of puberty, the ovaries begin oogenesis. During oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. Oogenesis is achieved through meiosis. However, the ovulated secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and does not complete meiosis II until it is fertilized.)

The release of __________ encourages sustentocytes to release __________. follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein luteinizing hormone; androgen-binding protein luteinizing hormone; testosterone inhibin; testosterone

follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein (Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) does stimulate release of androgen-binding protein, by stimulating sustentocytes.)

What hormone, produced in the anterior pituitary gland, works in conjunction with gonadal steroids to promote bone development in males? Growth hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Prolactin Luteinizing hormone

growth hormone

Effects of estrogen include ________. growth of the larynx increased oiliness of the skin deepening of the voice growth of the breasts at puberty

growth of the breasts at puberty

genital herpes

human herpes simple virus

genital warts

human papillomavirus

If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate? in about 24 days in about 14 days within the next 4 days in about 10 days

in about 14 days

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________. spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

Which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production? low sperm count interruption of sustentocytes' production of ABP ingestion of a substance that mimicked inhibin use of synthetic steroids (testosterone)

interruption of sustentocytes' production of ABP (Sustentocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells.)

In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation? sustentocytes: increased spermatogenesis sustentocytes: increased testosterone interstitial cells: increased androgen secretions interstitial cells: increased androgen-binding protein (ABP) secretions

interstitial cells: increased androgen secretions (In males, LH targets interstitial cells. As a result of LH stimulation of interstitial cells, the levels of androgens, such as testosterone, increase.)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________. involves positive feedback control of spermatogenesis involves posterior pituitary release of two regulating hormones involves the release of testosterone from the anterior pituitary involves FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary

involves FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary

Which of the following statements best describes the round ligament? It anchors the ovary to the pelvic wall. It connects the uterus to the labia majora. It anchors the uterus and the ovary. It is a large ligament that supports the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus.

it connects the uterus to the labia majora (The round ligament exits the body wall through the inguinal canal and inserts into the labia majora.)

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? labia minora vagina labia majora clitoris

labia majora

Why are the male testes located in the scrotum, outside the abdominopelvic cavity? The testes begin their development outside of the abdominopelvic region. Their external location influences the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive. Their external location is necessary for penile development.

spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive (Spermatogenesis, the production and maturation of sperm, requires a temperature lower than core body temperature.)

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg? myometrium stratum basalis of the endometrium stratum functionalis of the endometrium perimetrium

stratum functionalis of the endometrium (Implantation occurs at the stratum functionalis, the innermost layer of the uterus.)

The __________ is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________. stratum functionalis; stratum basalis stratum functionalis; myometrium stratum basalis; stratum functionalis myometrium; perimetrium

stratum functionalis; stratum basalis (The stratum functionalis is shed as the spiral arteries retract into the stratum basalis. The stratum basalis then regenerates the functional layer back onto the basal layer.)

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE? Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms. Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males.

syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord? rete testis seminiferous tubules epididymis testicular arteries and veins

testicular arteries and veins (The spermatic cord contains the testicular arteries and veins as well as associated nerves, lymphatics, and the ductus deferens.)

The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________. the SRY gene inhibition of estrogen presence of progesterone lack of an X chromosome

the SRY gene

During spermiogenesis ________. the acrosome migrates towards the posterior end of the spermatid because of its ability to propel the flagella moving the sperm through the female reproductive system towards the egg the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its pointy shape helps the sperm to move more efficiently the acrosome migrates towards the posterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for digestion of the excessive cytoplasm around the flagella of the developing sperm the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization

the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization

All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is FALSE. The cells that form the blood testis barrier are joined by tight junctions. The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment. The barrier prevents the spermatocytes from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system. The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.

the barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.

A couple is undergoing evaluation for difficulty conceiving a child. The female is able to ovulate, and the male produces adequate normal sperm. The woman reports 20 days between menses. What problem does this suggest? Her pituitary does not produce luteinizing hormone Her pituitary does not produce follicle-stimulating hormone The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon Her hypothalamus does not produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

the corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon (Luteal phase dysfunction occurs when the corpus luteum "closes shop" too soon, resulting in early shedding of the stratum functionalis of the uterus. A fertilized ovum may arrive in the uterine cavity but find no secretory endometrium in which to implant.)

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, __________. the functional layer of the endometrium regenerates the endometrium is shed ovulation occurs the endometrium prepares for implantation

the endometrium prepares for implantation (Secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation.)

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise? There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared. One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature. The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies. What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg.

the first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________. the follicular phase ovulation the luteal phase pregnancy

the follicular phase (A secondary oocyte is formed during the follicular phase.)

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.

the mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system

Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function. The rhythmic, reverse peristalsis of the uterus can propel sperm toward the egg. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth.

the narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site for fertilization.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female? The vaginal mucosa lacks glands. The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline. The mucosa of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium. The vagina is also called the birth canal.

the pH of the adult vagina is alkaline. (The pH of the vagina is acidic.)

Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system. Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex that activates urinary contraction muscles. There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood. The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.

the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________. about the same number of each is produced per month they are about the same size they have the same degree of motility they have the same number of chromosomes

they have the same number of chromosomes

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes the role they play? They are responsible for penile erection. They regulate the temperature of the testes. They contract to allow ejaculation. They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens.

they regulate the temperature of the testes

What is the function of the blood testis barrier? to ensure that semen contains only sperm and seminal fluid to provide only select nutrients to the developing sperm to filter out male sex hormones to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm

to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm (A male's immune system would identify sperm as foreign bodies. The blood testis barrier formed by sustentocytes in seminiferous tubules prevents that interaction.)

What is the function of meiosis? to produce cells with double the chromosome number of the original cell to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium to produce four cells, each with identical chromosomes to produce genetically identical cells through the two nuclear divisions

to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium (Sperm and egg cells have half the chromosome number of the spermatogonium or oogonium. This is necessary so that they can combine to form a 2n zygote.)

Male erection is a response to a parasympathetic reflex, and ejaculation is a response to a sympathetic reflex. True False

true

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix. True False

true

The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts. True False

true

The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. True False

true

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium. True False

true

The membrane surrounding the ovary is the tunica albuginea. True False

true (Just like each testis, each ovary is covered in a tunica albuginea.)

Which of the following cells remains at the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells? type A daughter cells type B daughter cells primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes

type A daughter cells (Type A daughter cells remain at the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells, similar to the skin cells of the stratum basale.)

Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell? Once formed, spermatids, but not oocytes, undergo additional rounds of division by mitosis. Only one egg can be fertilized at a time. The egg does not go through the meiotic division processes that the sperm undergo. Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.

unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus (The unequal cytoplasmic division that results in one egg and three polar bodies ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus. Lacking nutrient-containing cytoplasm, the polar bodies degenerate and die. This is very different than the result of sperm formation.)

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine? epididymis ductus (vas) deferens urethra ejaculatory duct

urethra (The urethra is used to carry both sperm cells within semen and urine from the prostate to the tip of the penis.)

Which gland is NOT matched with its type of secretion? urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine prostate gland: milky, acidic semen seminal vesicles: 70% of seminal volume bulbourethral glands: lubricating secretion

urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine (The bulbourethral gland produces a clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine.)

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. uterus vagina ovary uterine tubes

uterine tubes

Which of the following is an incorrect matching of female reproductive structures with their functions?uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm vagina: birth canal ovarian follicle: ovum (egg) production uterine tube: transport ovum to uterus

uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm (The uterine tube is the location where fertilization generally occurs. The uterus (womb) is the organ that receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum during pregnancy.)