Chapter 27: Reproductive System (Females)

A vaginal smear

- Sample of epithelial cells shed at surface of vagina - Used to estimate stage in ovarian and uterine cycles

The process of endometrial sloughing, called menstruation, generally lasts from __ to ___ days.

1-7 days

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle

1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase

If no fertilization occurs the corpus luteum begin to degenerate after

12 days

When females are born they are born with about how many eggs

2 million

How thick can the endometrium be

2-4 mm to 7-16 mm

How long does the uterine cycle last

28 days

How many layers in the uterine wall

3 1. Endometrium 2.Myometrium 3.Perimetrium

By puberty females have approximately how many eggs

400,000

What percent of women have fibroids

75%

What happens during menopause

A sharp decline in estrogen and progesterone Size of female reproductive structures reduces Risk for osteoporosis , cardiovascular disease, and muscle tone decreases

basilar zone of endometrium

Attaches endometrium to myometrium Contains terminal branches of tubular endometrial glands

What can cause secondary ammenorrhea

Caused by physical/emotional stresses

Reducing the blood flow to the endometrium causes it to lack oxygen, blood flow and nutrients which ultimately results in

Cell death and sloughing off of the endometrium lining

functional zone of endometrium

Contains most of the uterine glands Contributes most of endometrial thickness Undergoes dramatic changes in thickness and structure during menstrual cycle

Responsible for gamete production

Cortex

Constitutes 10 percent of uterine mass and is estrogen sensitive

Endometrium

At the beginning of ovulation in the corpus luteum

Estrogen and progesterone levels rise

During puberty rising levels of ______ triggers ovarian cycle

FSH

Shallow recess at base of cervix

Fornix

What zone is affected by menses

Functional zone. Left overs exit through the vagina

Secretes into the vestibule consist of mucus, similar to that of the bulbourethral gland

Greater Vestibular Gland

Epithelial fold that blocks the vaginal entrance

Hymen

-Within the muscular wall -May disort the shape of the uterus -Causes prolonged heavy periods as well as pain and pressure

Intramural Fibroids

Completion of Meiosis I Rupture of follicular wall and Ovulation occurs during the

Late follicular phase

Mixture of plasma, proteins, and enzymes that secrete onto the vestibule.

Lesser Vestibular Glands

What lubricates the vagina vestibules

Lesser and Greater Vestibular Glands

How is the body temperature during the follicular phase

Lower

The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate forming the corpus albicans.

Luteal phase

What hormone predicts ovulation

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Contains blood vessels

Medulla

Your first uterine cyle that begins at puberty around age 11 or 12 is called

Menarche

Abnormal heavy bleeding during menestration

Mennorhagia

A cease in menses

Menopause

The termination of the uterine cycle at age 45-55 is called

Menopause

Constriction of the spiral arteries and inhibition of progesterone via corpus luteum is

Menses/ menstruation

Low progesterone levels triggers what

Menses/ menstruation

secondary ammenorrhea

Menstruation begins normally, then ends before menopause

Provides force to move fetus out of uterus into vagina

Myometrium

Does uterine fibroids come with symptoms

No they are asymptomatic

Where are the arcuate arteries found in the endometrium

On the outside of endometrium

Stem cells that undergo mitosis before birth are called

Oogonia

Contraction of the skeletal pelvic floor muscles is defined as an

Orgasm

What produces immature gametes and secrets estrogen, progestins, and inhibin

Ovaries

The second stage of the general menstrual cycle, when the ovum is released into the pelvic cavity.

Ovulation cycle

When uterine cycle become irregular

Perimenopause

What might cause a person to skip their cycle

Pregnancy, menopause Illness, stress, starvation Medications, hormone imbalances

Cells enlarge, divide, and produce estrogens

Primary Follicle

Frozen in prophase I until puberty

Primary Oocytes

Primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells

Primordial Follicle

Wall of follicle thickens, and secretes fluid. The fluid accumulates in pockets or "antrum"

Secondary Follicle

Do not complete meiosis II until fertilized by sperm

Secondary Oocyte

What epithelium lines the endometrium

Simple Columnar cells

Radial arteries in the arteries branch to form

Straight arteries to supply blood to basilar zone Spiral arteries to supply blood to functional zone

What is the epithelium of the vagina like

Stratified squamous with rugae for flexibility

-Inner cavity of the uterus -Likely to be prolonged, heavy menstrual bleeding and can be problematic for pregnancy

Submucosal Fibroids

-Project outside of the uterus -May press on the bladder, causing urinary symptoms -May press of rectum or spinal nerves, causing backache

Subserosal Fibroids

Describe the vaginal enviroment

Supported by cervical mucus Acidic enviroment Restricts growth of many pathogens

How is the body temperature during the ovulation phase

Temperature drops sharply

How is the body temperature during the secretory phase

Temperature rises about 0.3 degrees C

The ovaries connect to

The lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

proliferative phase

The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during which the endometrium (shed off during menstration is rebuilt). This phase of the cycle is under the control of estrogen, secreted from the follicle developing in the ovary during this time period. The proliferative phase typically lasts from day 6 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

Secretory phase

The third phase of the uterin (endometrial) cycle, during which the rebuilt endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The secretory phase is primarily under the controll of progestone and estrogen (secreted from the copus luteum during this time period), adn typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle.

How is female arousal similar to males

The woman must be relaxed Parasympathetic activity leads to engorgement of the clitoris and vestibular bulbs

The outter wrapping of the ovary

Tunica albuginea

Smooth muscle that acts as mechanical protection and nutritional support for a fetus

Uterus

2 bulbospongiosus muscles that extend along the sides of the vaginal entrance

Vaginal Muscles

Erectile tissues that lies beneath the muscless

Vestibular bulbs

How can you treat a uterine fibroid

Watch and Wait

Where do fibroids occur?

Within the myometrium

Mons pubis

a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women

Failure to initiate menses

amenorrhea

A decline in testosterone in males is called

andropause

The urethral opening is _____

anterior to the vaginal opening

Women are born with all of their eggs. Between 3-7 months in utero the of development oocytes

arrest at prophase I until puberty

The degeneration of promordial follicles is called

atresia

Estrogen levels are low during the

early part of the follicular phase

At the beginning of ovulation arteries

elongate and spiral through functional zones

At the beginning of ovulation endometrial glands

enlarge

What hormone supports bone growth, maintains secondary sex characteristics, increases sex drive in CNS, maintains accessory organ function, and initiates repair and growth of the endometrium

estradiol

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, _____ dominates

estrogen

Ovaries secrete what

estrogen and progesterone

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period.

follicular phase

Pregnancy is required for what to fully develope

mammary glands

What are the three phases to the uterine cycle

menstrual phase & proliferative phase, secretory phase

Menses is commonly called

menstruation

The formation of an egg (oocyte)

oogenesis

The Clitoris is

organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

The secondary follicle mature over a 28 day cycle called the

ovarian cycle

What covers the clitoris

prepuce (hood)

Each month a(n) ______ develops, which releases estrogen and progesterone.

primary oocyte

Menstrual phase

the phase of the menstrual cycle during which menstruation occurs

Labia Majora

the two outer folds of the vulva (outter lips)

An elastic muscular tube that is the passageway for menstrual fluid and receives the penis during intercourse is called the

vagina