Chapter 27 study questions (A/P2)

The rate of tubular secretion of potassium ions changes in response to all but which one of the following factors?

Alterations in the sodium ion concentration of the ICF

Which of the following hormones play(s) a major role in mediating fluid and electrolyte balance?

Both atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone

Abnormal levels of the hormones calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone would lead to an imbalance of which electrolyte?

Calcium

Which of the following is not a fixed acid?

Carbonic acid

Each of the following is one of the four basic concepts pertaining to fluid and electrolyte regulation except one. Identify the exception.

Cells are able to move water by the process of active transport.

Which of the following is not one of the major buffer systems of the body?

Chloride buffer system

Which of the following is NOT a basic concept of fluid and electrolyte balance?

All homeostatic mechanisms respond to changes in the ICF.

Protein buffer systems do not affect

All of the above are affected by protein buffers.

Which of the following is not a response to respiratory acidosis?

Inhibition of arterial and CSF chemoreceptors

Which of the following electrically charged substances (ions) is not primarily found in the intracellular fluid?

Sodium ions

Acute respiratory acidosis can occur in each of the following instances except one. Identify the exception.

When normal respiratory function is compromised but compensatory mechanisms have not failed

In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases, the carboxyl group (COOH) of the amino acid dissociates and releases:

a hydrogen ion

As a result of the aging process, changes in the ability to regulate pH through renal compensation is the result of:

a reduction in the number of functional nephrons

The risk of respiratory acidosis in the elderly is increased because of:

a reduction in vital capacity

Acidosis is a more common problem than alkalosis because many acids are by-products of metabolic reactions. Which of the following acids fits that description?

all of the above

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by:

all of the above

Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone:

all of the above

Deviations outside of the normal pH range due to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations:

all of the above

Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include:

all of the above

Extracellular fluids in the body consist of:

all of the above

Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by:

all of the above

Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by:

all of the above

The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the:

all of the above

The major cause(s) of metabolic acidosis is (are):

all of the above

Treatment for hyperkalemia includes the:

all of the above

An organic acid

all of the above.

Atrial natriuretic peptide

all of the above.

High concentrations of hydrogen ions in body tissues can

all of the above.

Hypocapnia

all of the above.

The concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion:

along the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by:

an imbalance between sodium gains and losses

Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the Pco2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for:

an increase in pulmonary ventilation rates

Tubular fluid must be buffered, keeping the pH above 4.5, because

at a lower pH, less than 1% of the acid a body must eliminate can be removed.

After a person consumes a meal, the levels of which ion rise in the blood in response to more acid being produced in the stomach?

bicarbonate

Sodium levels are figured as a balance between:

both absorption of sodium across the digestive epithelium and excretion at the kidney and other sites

The kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis by

both by excreting hydrogen ions and by generating bicarbonate ions.

Which of the following conditions could cause muscle cramps or spasms?

both hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia

The symptoms of low potassium (hypokalemia) include

both muscle weakness and paralysis.

The buffering system in the ICF is made up of

both protein buffers and phosphate buffers.

Frequent causes of metabolic acidosis include

both severe kidney damage and persistent vomiting.

Which of the following does not affect fluid levels in the blood?

chloride shift

The major anion in the extracellular fluid compartment is __________, while the major intracellular anion is __________.

chloride, biphosphate

The most frequent cause of respiratory acidosis is

chronic pulmonary disorders.

Alcohol and barbiturate use could cause a desensitization of the respiratory centers, leading to

chronic respiratory acidosis.

Which of the following would not be associated with a sensation of increased thirst?

decrease in the production of ADH

The lungs respond to metabolic alkalosis by

decreasing the respiratory rate.

Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via:

diffusion and active transport

Interstitial fluid, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid are all considered ________________ fluid.

extracellular

All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the:

extracellular fluid

When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment you are in:

fluid balance

If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move:

from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored

When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes:

hypotonic with respect to the ICF

When a normal pulmonary response does not reverse respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respond by:

increasing the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate

The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the:

net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures

When large amounts of pure water are consumed,

osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower.

When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water:

out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached

Blood pH is normally measured at:

pH 7.35-7.45

Acidosis can cause all of the following except

peripheral vasoconstriction.

The most frequent cause of metabolic alkalosis is

persistent vomiting.

When an individual loses body water:

plasma volume decreases and electrolyte concentrations rise

Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in:

plasma volume or osmolarity

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to:

prevent changes in pH caused by organic and fixed acids in the ECF

A metabolic alkalosis can occur as a result of:

prolonged vomiting

A metabolic alkalosis can occur as a result of

prolonged vomiting.

The two important effects of increased release of ADH are

reduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst center

Which of the following does not cause hypokalemia?

renal failure

A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is a:

respiratory acid-base disorder

The most frequent challenge to acid-base equilibrium is

respiratory acidosis

Hypoventilation causes

respiratory acidosis.

The major contributors to the osmolarities of the ECF and the ICF are:

sodium and potassium

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

sodium ions

The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are:

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

The major cation in the extracellular fluid compartment is __________, while the major intracellular cation is __________.

sodium, potassium

Ketone bodies would accumulate in the blood during conditions of:

starvation

The most important buffers in the ECF are

the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when:

the plasma Pco2 is rising or falling

Sodium balance in the body is maintained by

the same hormones and receptors that regulate blood volume.

Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in:

metabolic acidosis

Prolonged vomiting can result in

metabolic alkalosis.

Approximately __________ of peritoneal fluid is produced and reabsorbed each day.

7 liters

Normal pH values are limited to the range between:

7.35 and 7.45

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to the ______ of circulating blood.

Pco2

Which of the following will not cause metabolic acidosis?

Production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

In which of the following ways do renal and pulmonary mechanisms not support the body's buffer systems?

Secretion and absorption of hydroxide ions

Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the following fluid compartments?

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to:

keep the sodium concentration constant

Which of the following body organs has the greatest measure of control over body fluid and composition levels?

kidneys

Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by:

lowering or raising the Pco2

Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity:

lowers plasma Pco2 to below-normal levels