Chapter 27 Test Review
What organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of sodium? A) Skin B) Kidneys C) Lungs D) Liver E) All of the above
E)
Excretion of phosphate A) increases free calcium ions in the ECF B) decreases free calcium ions in the ECF C) increases free potassium ions in the ECF D) increases free chloride ions in the ICF E) decreases free potassium ions in the ECF
A)
In response to decreased free magnesium ion (Mg2+) concentration in the extracellular fluid, which of the following occurs? A) Mg2+ is reabsorbed at a faster rate in the nephrons B) Mg2+ loss in the urine increases C) Parathyroid hormone is secreted D) Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland
A)
Oversecretion of aldosterone causes A) hypernatremia B) increased urine volume C) hyponattremia D) hypercalcemia E) hyperkalemia
A)
The reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce carbonic acid is catalyzed by A) carbonic anhydrase B) aldosterone C) renin D) calcitonin E) phosphates
A)
When blood pH decreases, which of the following occurs to correct the imbalance? A) The respiratory center increases the breathing rate B) The respiratory center decreases the breathing rate C) Less carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs D) The carbonic acid/bicarbonate equation is driven to the right E) More carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs
A)
Which occur as a result of high blood volume and high blood pressure? A) Juxtaglomerular cells decrease renin secretion B) Urine production increases C) ADH secretion increases D) Both A and B E) Both A and C
A)
_______ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments. A) Na+ B) Cl- C) Ca2+ D) K+ E) Pi
A)
An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) __________ in H+ ions and a(n) ___________ in blood pH. A) increase, no change B) increase, decrease C) decrease, increase D) increase, increase E) decrease, decrease
B)
Chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called A) stabilizers B) buffers C) activators D) accelerators E) inhibitors
B)
Chloride ions A) are part of the DNA molecule B) are regulated with Na+ C) are found only inside cells D) are cations E) are not found in extracellular fluid
B)
Edema can occur when there is A) an increase in the amount of plasma proteins B) a blockage of the lymphatics C) a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins D) an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure E) a decrease in blood pressure
B)
Edema results when the amount of _____________ fluid increases. A) intracellular B) interstitial C) cerebrospinal D) plasma E) synovial
B)
In which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema? A) blood plasma B) tissue (interstitial) fluid C) transcellular fluid D) intracellular fluid (ICF) E) lymph
B)
Name the ion that commonly serves as a cofactor for intracellular enzymes, such as the sodium-potassium pump. A) carbonate B) magnesium C) phosphate D) calcium E) hydrogen
B)
Synovial fluid is a part of which of the following fluid compartments? A) intracellular B) extracellular C) plasma D) interstitial E) cytoplasm
B)
The predominant intracellular cation is A) magnesium B) potassium C) sodium D) calcium E) chloride
B)
What cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid? A) cell wall B) plasma membrane C) ribosomes D) endoplasmic reticulum E) nucleus
B)
What hormone regulates potassium levels, and how does it work? A) ADH, increases secretion of potassium B) aldosterone, increases secretion of potassium C) ANH, increases reabsorption of potassium D) aldosterone, increases reabsorption of potassium E) ADH, increases reabsorption of potassium
B)
Which is a major cation in the body? A) Na+ (Sodium) B) Protein C) Cl- (Chloride) D) K+ (Potassium)
B)
Which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine? A) ammonia B) ammonia, bicarbonate ions & phosphate ions C) ammonia & bicarbonate ions D) bicarbonate ions E) phosphate ions
B)
Which of the following substances releases hydrogen ions into a solution? A) glucose B) acids C) bases D) salts E) water
B)
The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments is A) sodium mainly intracellular, potassium mainly in extracellular B) equal amounts of both ions, in both intracellular and extracellular fluids C) potassium mainly intracellular, sodium mainly in extracellular D) none of these choices are correct E) little of either intracellular but large amounts of both extracellular
C)
A weak base A) binds a lot of OH- and has a weak effect on pH B) resists changes in OH- C) binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH D) binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH E) lowers the pH
C)
Body fluid pH will rise dramatically when A) carbonic acid is formed B) the respiratory rate decreases C) large amounts of bicarbonate are ingested D) sodium is excreted by the kidney E) carbon dioxide levels increase
C)
Concerning body fluid compartments, A) less than 50% of the total body weight is water B) more body fluid is contained in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid C) the major influence controlling the movement of water between intracellular and extracellular space is osmotic pressure D) sodium concentration is the primary determinant of water location E) All of these statements are correct
C)
Increased ADH causes a(n) ___________ sensation for thirst, and a(n) ___________ in permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water, resulting in __________ urine volume. A) increased, decreased, increased B) decreased, increased, decreased C) increased, increased, decreased D) decreased, decreased, increased
C)
Increased ADH secretion could be stimulated by which of the following situations? A) increased blood pressure B) increased renal blood flow C) increased blood osmolarity D) increased atrial natriuretic hormone production E) decreased blood osmolarity
C)
Loss of a large volume of sweat will A) increase the blood pressure B) decrease ADH production C) increase the osmolarity of body fluids D) decrease the osmolarity of body fluids E) decrease the hematocrit
C)
Parathyroid hormone increases the activity of ____________ cells in bone and increases the rate of calcium ____________ in the kidney tubules. A) osteocyte, secretion B) osteoblast, secretion C) osteoclast, reabsorption D) osteocyte, reabsorption E) osteoblast, reabsorption
C)
Increased osmolality of the ECF A) increases aldosterone secretion B) inhibits ADH C) decreases thirst D) increases renin secretion E) increases thirst
E)
The kidneys control pH by A) increasing or decreasing the volume of urine produced B) increasing or decreasing the number of sodium ions secreted into the final urine C) increasing or decreasing the number of bicarbonate ions reabsorbed from the urine D) increasing or decreasing the number of potassium ions secreted into the final urine E) All of these influence the blood pH
C)
The most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid is A) chloride B) calcium C) sodium D) magnesium E) potassium
C)
Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract will cause ____________ in thirst sensations. A) an increase in blood osmolarity and a decrease B) an increase in blood osmolarity and an increase C) a temporary interruption D) a tremendous increase
C)
What is the main role of magnesium ions in the body? A) nerve impulse B) muscle contraction C) cofactors for intracellular enzymes D) blood clotting
C)
Which of these is correct concerning sodium ion regulation? A) an increase in extracellular sodium causes decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys B) increased water reabsorption causes a decrease in blood volume C) increased blood pressure causes a reduction in ADH secretion D) a reduced rate of renin secretion results in an increased rate of aldosterone production E) all of these are correct relationships
C)
Ion levels in the extracellular fluid are adjusted by which of the following? A) thirst B) perspiration C) ingestion D) excretion E) all of these items are correct
E)
Adequate calcium absorption from the GI tract depends on A) serum calcitonin levels B) the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid C) adequate amounts of vitamin C D) adequate amounts of vitamin D E) serum K levels
D)
An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a(n) _____________ in the secretion of ADH and a(n) ____________ in thirst. A) decrease, decrease B) decrease, increase C) increase, decrease D) increase, increase
D)
Buffers function to A) catalyze acid-base reactions B) cause pH levels to change dramatically C) increase the pH of a system dramatically D) prevent dramatic changes in pH
D)
Calcium balance is influenced by A) insulin and glucagon B) ADH and aldosterone levels C) aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels D) parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels E) ADH and parathyroid hormone levels
D)
Decreased extracellular potassium levels cause A) cells to become more excitable B) increased permeability of cell membranes C) hypo polarization of cell membranes D) hyper polarization of cell membranes E) more action potentials to be generated
D)
Hyperventilation of the lungs can lead to _______________. A) metabolic alkalosis B) respiratory shock C) metabolic acidosis D) respiratory acidosis E) respiratory alkalosis
D)
If dehydration develops, solute concentration in the extracellular fluid ___________, causing water to move ____________ the intracellular fluid and ___________ the extracellular fluid. A) decrease, out of, into B) increases, into, out of C) decreases, into, out of D) increases, out of, into
D)
Slight deviations from the normal concentration of ___________ ions can shut down metabolic pathways as well as alter the structure and function of other macromolecules. A) glucose B) sodium C) potassium D) hydrogen E) phosphate
D)
The respiratory system influences the acid-base balance by utilizing the A) phosphate buffer system B) respiratory buffer system C) protein buffer system D) carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
D)
The sensation of thirst results from A) an increase in the plasma volume B) hypertension (increased blood pressure) C) stimulation of baroreceptors D) stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus E) a decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid
D)
Under normal conditions, most water loss from the body is through the A) lungs B) sweat C) skin D) kidneys E) GI tract
D)
Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water? A) extracellular compartment B) intracellular compartment C) interstitial compartment D) plasma E) cytoplasma
D)
Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body? A) protein buffer system B) phosphate buffer system C) hemoglobin buffer system D) NaCl buffer system E) bicarbonate buffer system
D)
Which of the following statements concerning potassium ions is false? A) An increase in the extracellular potassium ion concentration leads to depolarization. B) Potassium ions are secreted into the nephron by the distal convoluted tubule. C) None of these choices are false. D) When aldosterone levels are high, potassium secretion is low. E) Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by low blood levels of potassium ions.
D)
Sodium homeostasis leads to the homeostasis of A) potassium B) magnesium C) calcium D) hydrogen E) chloride
E)
The main regular of serum phosphate levels is a transport process in the A) small intestine B) large intestine C) pancreas D) liver E) kidneys
E)
What are the major anions in the body? A) magnesium B) chloride C) bicarbonate D) magnesium & bicarbonate E) chloride & bicarbonate
E)
A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure B) critical closing pressure C) lymph pressure D) positive interstitial pressure E) blood pressure
E)
Buffers A) contain salts of weak acids or weak bases. B) release hydrogen ions when a base is added to the solution. C) keep hydrogen ion concentration and pH within a narrow range. D) include phosphate, protein, and bicarbonate systems. E) all of these statements are correct.
E)
Which occur as a result of low blood volume and low blood pressure? A) ADH secretion increases B) Juxtaglomerular cells increase renin secretion C) Urine production increases D) Both A and C E) Both B and C
E)
Which of the following are sources of water intake? A) Cellular metabolism B) Ingestion C) Perspiration D) Osmosis E) All of the above.
E)
Which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system? A) regulating pH changes of the blood during exercise B) regulation of blood pH in coordination with the respiratory system C) regulation of blood pH during elevated fat metabolism D) regulation of blood pH in coordination with the kidney's E) regulation of the pH of the intracellular environment
E)
Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment? A) Lymph B) Extracellular fluid C) Blood plasma D) Interstitial fluid E) Intracellular fluid
E)
Which of these substances plays a major role in regulating potassium ions? A) ADH B) angiotensin I C) renin D) atrial natriuretic factor E) aldosterone
E)
Which would occur to intracellular and extracellular fluid if you become dehydrated? A) solute concentration in the extracellular fluid increases as a result of dehydration. B) water moves into the cell from the extracellular fluid C) water moves out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid D) Both A and B E) Both B and C
E)
In order to increase blood pH, which of the following occurs? A) An antiport mechanism secretes H+ into the filtrate in exchange for Na+ from the filtrate and HCO3- binds with H+ in the capillaries, decreasing the H+ concentration. B) The secretion of H+ into the filtrate increases. C) The secretion of H+ into the filtrate increases and an anti port mechanism secretes H+ into the filtrate in exchange for Na+ from the filtrate. D) An antiport mechanism secretes H+ into the filtrate in exchange for Na+ from the filtrate. E) HCO3- binds with H+ in the capillaries, decreasing the H+ concentration. F) All of these choices are correct.
F)
What roles does phosphate play in the body? A) It is found in the salts of bone & teeth B) It is an important component of several macromolecules C) It affects neuromuscular activity D) It is part of an important intracellular buffer system E) It affects the action of the sodium-potassium pump F) All of the above are correct
F)