Chapter 28 PrepU: Assessment of Hematologic Function and Treatment Modalities
Albumin is important for the maintenance of fluid balance within the vascular system. Albumin is produced by which of the following?
Liver
The body responds to infection by increasing the production of white blood cells (WBCs). The nurse should evaluate the differential count for what type of WBCs, which are the first WBCs to respond to an inflammatory event?
Neutrophils
The physician orders a transfusion with packed red blood cells (RBCs) for a client hospitalized with severe iron deficiency anemia. When blood is administered, what is the most important action the nurse can take to prevent a transfusion reaction?
Verify the client's identity according to hospital policy
A patient will need a blood transfusion for the replacement of blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract. The patient states, "That stuff isn't safe!" What is the best response from the nurse?
"I understand your concern. The blood is carefully screened but is not completely risk free."
A client with Hodgkin disease had a bone marrow biopsy yesterday and reports aching at the biopsy site, rated a 5 (on a 1-10 scale). After assessing the biopsy site, which nursing intervention is most appropriate?
Administer acetaminophen 500 mg po, as ordered
Which type of leukocyte contains histamine and is an important part of hypersensitivity reactions?
Basophils
A client with a history of sickle cell anemia has developed iron overload from repeated blood transfusions. What treatment does the nurse anticipate will be prescribed?
Chelation therapy
A patient with chronic kidney disease is being examined by the nurse practitioner for anemia. The nurse has reviewed the laboratory data for hemoglobin and RBC count. What other test results would the nurse anticipate observing?
Decreased level of erythropoietin
The nurse expects which assessment finding when caring for a client with a decreased hemoglobin level?
Decreased oxygen level.
A client with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) receives routine blood transfusions. Which treatment will the nurse expect to be prescribed to prevent the development of iron overload?
Chelation therapy
The client is to receive a unit of packed red blood cells. What is the nurse's first action?
Verify that the client has signed a written consent form.
When teaching about the advantages of autologous blood transfusion to a client, the nurse should include which information? Select all that apply.
-The primary advantage is prevention of viral infections. -It is safer for clients with a history of transfusion reactions. -If not needed immediately, the blood can be frozen for future use.
The nurse is obtaining the health history of a client suspected of having a hematological condition. The nurse notes the client has a history of alcohol abuse. Which clinical presentation is related to alcohol consumption?
Anemia
A nurse cares for a client with megaloblastic anemia who had a total gastrectomy three years ago. What statement will the nurse include in the client's teaching regarding the condition?
"The condition is likely caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency."
A nurse is caring for a client who will undergo total knee replacement and will have an autologous transfusion. Which statement will the nurse include when teaching the client about the transfusion?
"You typically donate blood 4 to 6 weeks before the surgery."
The nurse is providing health education to an older adult client who has low red blood cell levels. To promote red blood cell production, the nurse should encourage intake of what foods? Select all that apply.
-Leafy green vegetables -Lean meats -Nuts and seeds
Place the following steps in order when determining the type and severity of a transfusion reaction. Use all options.
-Stop the transfusion. -Assess the client. -Notify the health care provider. -Notify the blood bank. -Send the tubing and container to the blood bank.
Place the order of the steps of primary hemostasis in correct order.
-The severed blood vessel constricts. -The circulating platelets aggregate at the site and adhere to the vessel. -An unstable hemostatic plug is formed. -Circulating inactive clotting factors convert to active forms.
Which client is not a candidate to be a blood donor according to the American Red Cross?
26-year-old female with hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL
A nurse is reviewing a client's most recent platelet count and identifies the need to institute bleeding precautions. Which result would the nurse most likely have noted?
45,000/mm3
A client with a history of congestive heart failure has an order to receive 1 unit of packed red blood cells (RBCs). If the nurse hangs the blood at 12:00 pm, by what time must the infusion be completed?
4:00 pm
A nurse is preparing a dose of furosemide for an older adult with heart failure. The health care provider orders furosemide 1 mg/kg to be given intravenously. The client weighs 50 kg. The concentration of the drug is 40 mg/4mL (10 mg/mL). How many milliliters would the nurse administer? Record your answer using a whole number.
5
In normal blood, monocytes account for approximately what percentage of the total leukocyte count?
5%
Splenic sequestration is diagnosed in a client admitted with splenomegaly. What is the priority of care for this client?
Hypovolemia
The nurse is preparing a patient for a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy from the site of the posterior superior iliac crest. What position will the nurse place the patient in?
Lateral position with one leg flexed
A client involved in a motor vehicle accident arrives at the emergency department unconscious and severely hypotensive. The nurse suspects the client has several fractures in the pelvis and legs. Which parenteral fluid is the best choice for the client's current condition?
Packed red blood cells (RBCs)
Which is the major function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis
A nurse cares for several mothers and babies in the postpartum unit. Which mother does the nurse recognize as being most at risk for a febrile nonhemolytic reaction?
Rh-negative mother; Rh-positive child
The nurse is administering a blood transfusion to a client over 4 hours. After 2 hours, the client reports chills and has a fever of 101°F, an increase from a previous temperature of 99.2°F. What does the nurse recognize is occurring with this client?
The client is having a febrile nonhemolytic reaction.
While caring for a client, the nurse notes petechiae on the client's trunk and lower extremities. What precaution will the nurse take when caring for this client?
Use an electric razor when assisting client with shaving.
A nurse is reviewing a client's morning laboratory results and notes a left shift in the band cells. Based on this result, the nurse can interpret that the client
may be developing an infection.
Vitamin B and folic acid deficiencies are characterized by production of abnormally large erythrocytes called
megaloblasts
A nurse is teaching a client with a vitamin B12 deficiency about appropriate food choices to increase the amount of B12 ingested with each meal. The nurse knows the teaching is effective based on which statement by the client?
"I will eat a meat source such as chicken or pork with each meal."
A preoperative client is discussing blood donation with the nurse. Which statement by the client indicates to the nurse the need for further teaching?
"My family will donate blood, because it's safer."
A client seeks medical attention for the spontaneous development of bruises over the arms and legs. Which laboratory tests will the nurse anticipate being prescribed for this client? Select all that apply.
-Complete blood count -International normalized ratio -Activated partial prothrombin time
The charge nurse should intervene when observing a new nurse perform which action after a client has suffered a possible hemolytic blood transfusion reaction?
Disposing of the blood container and tubing in biohazard waste.
A nursing instructor in a BSN program is preparing for a lecture on disorders of the hematopoietic system. Included in the lecture are conditions caused by reduced levels or absence of blood-clotting proteins. Which of the following is the instructor most likely referring to?
Coagulopathy
The nurse is instructing the client with polycythemia vera how to perform isometric exercises such as contracting and relaxing the quadriceps and gluteal muscle during periods of inactivity. What does the nurse understand is the rationale for this type of exercise?
Contraction of skeletal muscle compresses the walls of veins and increases the circulation of venous blood as it returns to the heart.
The nurse should be alert to which adverse assessment finding when transfusing a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) too rapidly?
Crackles auscultated bilaterally
A client donated two units of blood to be used for transfusion during spinal fusion surgery. The client received one unit of autologous blood during the procedure but the second unit is not needed during the procedure. The nurse knows which action will come after the procedure is completed?
Discard the additional unit.
A client receiving a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) has been prescribed morphine 1 mg intravenously now for pain. What is the best method for the nurse to administer the morphine?
Disconnect the blood tubing, flush with normal saline, and administer morphine.
A client receiving a blood transfusion reports shortness of breath, appears anxious, and has a pulse of 125 beats/minute. What is the best action for the nurse to take after stopping the transfusion and awaiting further instruction from the health care provider?
Ensure there is an oxygen delivery device at the bedside.
A client with chronic kidney disease has chronic anemia. What pharmacologic alternative to blood transfusion may be used for this client?
Erythropoietin
A patient is undergoing platelet pheresis at the outpatient clinic. What does the nurse know is the most likely clinical disorder the patient is being treated for?
Essential thrombocythemia
A client wants to donate blood before his or her abdominal surgery next week. What should be the nurse's first action?
Explain the time frame needed for autologous donation.
Which term refers to the percentage of blood volume that consists of erythrocytes?
Hematocrit
A client's electronic health record states that the client receives regular transfusions of factor IX. The nurse would be justified in suspecting that this client has what diagnosis?
Hemophilia
A nurse is caring for a patient who has had a bone marrow aspiration with biopsy. What complication should the nurse be aware of and monitor the patient for?
Hemorrhage
A client is scheduled for surgery to remove an abdominal mass. The nurse knows that which reason hemodilution would be contraindicated as a method to provide blood to the client during the surgery?
History of renal disease
The nurse is caring for a client who has a unit of whole blood removed every 6 weeks as treatment for polycythemia vera. Which laboratory test will the nurse monitor to determine if the procedure is adversely affecting the client?
Iron
Which term refers to a form of white blood cell involved in immune response?
Lymphocyte
Which cell of hematopoiesis is responsible for the production of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets?
Myeloid stem cell
A client is diagnosed with extreme thrombocytosis. The nurse knows this condition is a result of which elevated blood cell count?
Platelets
The nurse is working at a blood donation clinic. What teaching should the nurse provide to the donor immediately after blood donation?
Remain for observation after eating and drinking.
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for cellular immunity?
T lymphocyte
The health care provider believes that the client has a deficiency in the leukocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity. What should the nurse check the WBC count for?
T lymphocytes
The nurse is caring for a client with hypoxia. What does the nurse understand is true regarding the client's oxygen level and the production of red blood cells?
The kidneys sense low oxygen levels in the blood and produce erythropoietin, stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
