Chapter 29 - A New Globalism 1989 to the Present - The Making of The West - HIST 1112

How many deaths resulted from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear explosion? 300 50 2,200 15,000

15,000 The 1986 nuclear explosion at Chernobyl had killed thirty-one people instantly; in the aftermath, levels of radioactivity rose for hundreds of miles in all directions and some fifteen thousand people perished over time from the effects of radiation.

By the late 1980s, scientists determined that the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals found in aerosol and refrigeration products, had led to which of the following? A hole in the ozone layer The depletion of the global oxygen supply Global warming Acid rain

A hole in the ozone layer The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals found in aerosol and refrigeration products, has blown a hole in the earth's ozone layer.

Which of the following was true of the nation-states of Europe in the twenty-first century? The nation-states of Europe had fewer common institutions in the twenty-first century than in 1945. A number of nation-states faced challenges from regional independence movements. The nation-states of Europe were home to fewer people in the twenty-first century than in 1945. The nation-states of Europe were poorer in 2000 than in 1945.

A number of nation-states faced challenges from regional independence movements. Activists launched movements for regional independence in France, Italy, Scotland, and Spain.

Green Party

A political party first formed in West Germany in 1979 to bring about environmentally sound policies. It spread across Europe and around the world thereafter.

postmodernism

A term applied in the late twentieth century to both an intense stylistic mixture in the arts without a central unifying theme or elite set of standards and a critique of Enlightenment and scientific beliefs in rationality and the possibility of certain knowledge.

Russo-Georgian War

A war between Georgia, Russia and the unrecognized, but Russia-backed, republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in August 2008. Georgia ultimately lost control of parts of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which Russia recognized as autonomous.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

global warming

An increase in the temperature of the earth's lower atmosphere resulting from a buildup of chemical emissions.

Which of the following characterized postmodernism in the arts? An intense stylistic mixing in the arts without following an elite set of standards An emphasis on streamlined, minimalist design elements A self-conscious effort to follow classical models and norms An insistence that art that was not political was not really art at all

An intense stylistic mixing in the arts without following an elite set of standards For example, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, designed by American Frank Gehry and considered bizarre by classical or even modern standards, includes forms, materials, and perspectives that, by rules of earlier decades, do not belong together.

Brexit

An invented term first referring to the referendum held in June 2016 to determine whether Britain would leave the European Union. With the referendum outcome favoring leaving, Brexit now refers to the process of negotiating the terms of the withdrawal from Europe.

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Charitable foundations and activist groups such as Doctors Without Borders that work outside of governments, often on political, economic, and relief issues; also, philanthropic organizations such as the Rockefeller, Ford, and Open Society Foundations that shape economic and social policy and the course of political reform

Which of the following helps explain why Russia intervened militarily to prevent the secession of Chechnya? Chechnya had developed nuclear weapons. Chechnya's location makes it crucial to Russian national security. The vast majority of the people in Chechnya are ethnic Russians. Chechnya was rich in oil.

Chechnya was rich in oil. In the 1990s, oil and gas were fast becoming Russia's most important commodities, and Chechnya was rich in oil.

Which of the following was true of economic life in eastern Europe one decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union? On the whole, eastern Europe's economy was stronger than western Europe's economy. Consumer goods had become much more widely available. The crisis that began in the early 1990s had only gotten worse. Most eastern European nations still turned to Russia for economic leadership.

Consumer goods had become much more widely available. Even in countries with the weakest economies, a greater number of residents enjoyed modern conveniences such as freezers, computers, and portable telephones.

Which of these was true of global migration in the early twenty-first century? Migrants sent very little money back to family members living in their home countries. Very few Muslim immigrants settled in western Europe. Foreign workers were often scapegoats for social and economic woes. In 2015, there were more than 500 million migrants worldwide.

Foreign workers were often scapegoats for social and economic woes. Foreign workers were often scapegoats for native peoples suffering from economic woes such as unemployment caused by downsizing.

European Union (EU)

Formerly the European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market), and then the European Community (EC); formed in 1994 by the terms of the Maastricht Treaty. Its members have political ties through the European parliament as well as long-standing common economic, legal, and business mechanisms.

Which of the following was the dominant international language by the end of the twentieth century? Hindi Mandarin Chinese French English

English The United States' success in marketing its culture, along with the legacy of British imperialism, helped make English the dominant international language by the end of the twentieth century.

Which of the following nations had joined the European Union by 2010? Estonia Russia Turkey Albania

Estonia In 2004, the EU admitted ten new members — the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia — and in 2007, it welcomed Bulgaria and Romania.

Which of the following countries pushed hard for the admission of Turkey as a member of the European Union? Greece Spain Germany France

Greece Both Greece and Turkey stood to benefit by having their disputes adjudicated by the larger body of European members, principally because they would be able to cut that part of their defense budget used for weapons directed against each other.

Which of these helps explain Putin's growing popularity during his first term as president of Russia? He sent Russian troops into Ukraine and annexed the Crimean peninsula. He returned Russia to a communist economy. He arrested the billionaire head of the Yukos Oil Company. He brought both Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev into his government.

He arrested the billionaire head of the Yukos Oil Company. Putin's popularity soared when the government arrested the billionaire head of the Yukos Oil Company in 2003. The pillaging of the country — the source of ordinary citizens' recent suffering — was finally being punished.

Which of these helps explain Putin's growing popularity during his first term as president of Russia? He returned Russia to a communist economy. He drove from power the biggest figures in regional and central government. He sent Russian troops into Ukraine and annexed the Crimean peninsula. He brought both Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev into his government.

He drove from power the biggest figures in regional and central government. After winning election as president in 2000, Putin drove from power the biggest figures in regional and central government, usually the henchmen of the oligarchs. In the eyes of many Russians, the pillaging of the country — the source of ordinary citizens' recent suffering — was finally being punished.

Which of the following was an important difference between health issues in the West and in Africa in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? Health problems in Africa were often the result of a lack of access to safe water and other basic requirements of well-being. The biggest obstacle to improved health in Africa was a lack of access to vaccines. The most frequent causes of death in the West were contagious diseases. By 2014, AIDS was no longer a major public health concern in the West.

Health problems in Africa were often the result of a lack of access to safe water and other basic requirements of well-being.

Which of these describes economic conditions in Russia in the mid-1990s? Deflation undermined economic growth. Salaries rose steadily but not as fast as inflation. Unemployment remained low, but economic growth was slow. Inflation skyrocketed and industrial production plummeted.

Inflation skyrocketed and industrial production plummeted. In 1994, for example, inflation soared at a rate of 14 percent a month in Russia, while industrial production dropped by 15 percent.

Why did the United States launch an invasion of Iraq in 2003? Iraq was harboring Osama bin Laden, mastermind behind the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Iraq's government was said to have weapons of mass destruction and to promote terror. Iraq had seized nearby, oil-rich Kuwait. Iraq was engaged in a long war with Iran.

Iraq's government was said to have weapons of mass destruction and to promote terror.

Which of the following helped attract foreign investment to eastern Europe? The absence of investment opportunities elsewhere in the world The booming economy of eastern Europe A lack of skilled workers in western Europe Lower wages and costs of doing business

Lower wages and costs of doing business Lower wages and costs of doing business in eastern Europe attracted foreign investment, especially in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia.

Which of these countries likely had the highest birthrate in 2000? The United States Germany Italy Mali

Mali The birthrate was the highest in less-developed countries like Mali.

Which of these was true of global migration in the early twenty-first century? Very few Muslim immigrants settled in western Europe. Migrants sent considerable sums of money back to family members living in their home countries. Migration was always voluntary. In 2015, there were more than 500 million migrants worldwide.

Migrants sent considerable sums of money back to family members living in their home countries. Migrants from countries as different as the Yugoslav republics, Egypt, Spain, Mexico, and Pakistan sent money home from abroad that constituted up to 60 percent of national income.

Which of these was true of global migration in the early twenty-first century? Migrants sent very little money back to family members living in their home countries. Migration was not always voluntary. Very few Muslim immigrants settled in western Europe. In 2015, there were more than 500 million migrants worldwide.

Migration was not always voluntary. For example, many eastern European and Asian prostitutes were held in international sex rings that controlled their passports, wages, and lives.

Which Russian leader maintained liberal economic policies but established authoritarian political rule in the 2000s? Mikhail Khodorkovsky Vladimir Putin Boris Yeltsin Slobodan Milosevic

Vladimir Putin Putin was elected to succeed Yeltsin in 2000, won reelection in 2004, and returned to the presidency in 2012.

Which of the following accurately characterizes Russian society and politics under Boris Yeltsin's leadership in the 1990s? The economic equality long promised by the communists finally arrived. Russia quickly stabilized as market forces took hold of the economy. Organized criminals gained increasing power, wealth, and influence. The shift to a market economy slowed down and then reversed.

Organized criminals gained increasing power, wealth, and influence. Social disorder prevailed in 1990s Russia as organized criminals interfered in the distribution of goods and services and assassinated legitimate entrepreneurs, legislators, and anyone who criticized them.

Battle of Kosovo (1389)

Ottomans defeated the Serbs The land of Kosovo is where the Serbian nation started its existence. Some of the holiest shrines of the Serb Orthodox Church are there. The battle is traditionally important for Serbs as the date when Ottoman forces defeated the medieval Serbian kingdom in the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which led to the loss of Serbian independence for more than four centuries.

Dayton Agreement

Peace agreement signed in 1995 that ended the Bosnian civil war and established the grounds for an independent Bosnia and a Serbian Republic.

Which of the following helps explain why Russia intervened militarily to prevent the secession of Chechnya? Russian leaders believed it was politically advantageous to do so. The vast majority of the people in Chechnya are ethnic Russians. Chechnya's location makes it crucial to Russian national security. Chechnya had developed nuclear weapons.

Russian leaders believed it was politically advantageous to do so. Many Russian officials believed that short, victorious war would boost the government's popularity.

Vladimir Putin

President of Russia from 2000 to 2008; prime minister 2008-present. He has worked to reestablish Russia as a world power through control of the country's resources and military capabilities.

Slobodan Milosevic

President of Serbia (1989-1997) who pushed for Serb control of post-Communist Yugoslavia; in 2002, he was tried for crimes against humanity in the ethnic cleansing that accompanied the dissolution of the Yugoslav state.

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. The mass murder — genocide — of people according to ethnicity or nationality; it can also include eliminating all traces of the murdered people's past. Examples include the post-World War I elimination of minorities in eastern and central Europe and the rape and murders that resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.

Which of the following was an important difference between the northern and southern regions of the world in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? Northerners controlled much less of the world's wealth than southerners. Northerners faced a host of problems associated with the transition from colonial rule. Southern peoples generally suffered lower living standards than northerners. Southern peoples generally enjoyed better health than northerners.

Southern peoples generally suffered lower living standards than northerners. Other than Australians and New Zealanders, southern peoples generally suffered lower living standards and measures of health than northerners.

Which of the following was an important difference between the northern and southern regions of the world in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? Northerners controlled much less of the world's wealth than southerners. Southern peoples generally enjoyed better health than northerners. Southern peoples generally enjoyed higher living standards than northerners. Southerners faced a host of problems associated with the transition from colonial rule.

Southerners faced a host of problems associated with the transition from colonial rule.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Osama bin Laden

Wealthy leader of the militant Islamic group al-Qaeda, which executed terrorist plots, including the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, to end the presence of U.S. forces in his home country, Saudi Arabia.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

The 1916 secret agreement between Britain and France that divided up the Arab lands of Lebanon, Syria, southern Turkey, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq.

Why did China become the champion of economic connectedness and global dynamism after 2016? The Chinese had the largest economy in the world in 2016. The working conditions in China are admired by other nations. The United States withdrew from the world and ceded that role to China. The breakup of the European Union left a power vacuum.

The United States withdrew from the world and ceded that role to China. As the United States withdrew from global partnerships and championed isolation and protectionism after 2016, China took over the U.S. role as champion of economic connectedness and global dynamism.

How did the European Union (known until 1994 as the European Community) evolve in the two decades following the collapse of the Soviet Union? The European Union shrank from twelve countries to eight. The European Union added its first states with Muslim majorities, Turkey and Egypt. The European Union created its own military. The European Union adopted a uniform currency.

The European Union adopted a uniform currency. In 1994, by the terms of the Maastricht Treaty, the European Community became the European Union (EU), and in 1999 a common currency — the euro — came into being, first for transactions among financial institutions and then in 2002 for general use by the public.

How did the European Union (known until 1994 as the European Community) evolve in the two decades following the collapse of the Soviet Union? The European Union created its own military. The European Union created a parliament and a central bank. The European Union shrank from twelve countries to eight. The European Union added its first states with Muslim majorities, Turkey and Egypt.

The European Union created a parliament and a central bank. The EU parliament convened regularly in Strasbourg, France, and with the adoption of a common currency, an EU central bank guided interest rates and economic policy.

How did the European Union (known until 1994 as the European Community) evolve in the two decades following the collapse of the Soviet Union? The European Union created its own military. The European Union added its first states with Muslim majorities, Turkey and Egypt. The European Union ended national distinctions in border controls. The European Union shrank from twelve countries to eight.

The European Union ended national distinctions in border controls. The European Union ended national distinctions in certain business activities, border controls, and transportation, effectively closing down passport controls at their shared borders.

Which of these accurately characterizes the economic impact of the Internet? The Internet had little impact on the service sector of the global economy. The Internet allowed China and India to develop larger economies than that of the United States. The Internet contributed to the fragmentation of the global economy. The Internet created employment opportunities around the world.

The Internet created employment opportunities around the world. The Internet brought service jobs to countries around the world that had heretofore suffered unemployment and real poverty.

Which of these accurately characterizes the economic impact of the Internet? The Internet allowed China and India to develop larger economies than that of the United States. The Internet helped integrate numerous regions into the global economy. The Internet had little impact on the service sector of the global economy. The Internet created employment opportunities only in the West.

The Internet helped integrate numerous regions into the global economy. Benefiting from the booming global economy of the 1990s, fueled in substantial measure by new information technology, the Irish and eastern Europeans became integrated into the Western consumer economy, and by the 2000s Asians and South Americans were integrated, too.

globalization

The interconnection of labor, capital, ideas, services, and goods around the world. Although globalization has existed for hundreds of years, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries are seen as more global because of the speed with which people, goods, and ideas travel the world.

Maastricht Treaty

The agreement among the members of the European Community to have a closer alliance, including the use of common passports and eventually the development of a common currency; by the terms of this treaty, the European Community became the European Union (EU) in 1994.

euro

The common currency in seventeen member states of the European Union (EU) and of EU institutions. It went into effect gradually, used first in business transactions in 1999 and entering public circulation in 2002.

Toni Morrison

The first African American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature; her works include Beloved (1987), Jazz (1992), and A Mercy (2008).

Which of the following helps explain the brain drain from eastern Europe to western Europe in the 1990s? The growing prosperity of eastern Europe The coordinated efforts of western European governments The lifting of travel restrictions in eastern European countries The exile of intellectuals by eastern European governments

The lifting of travel restrictions in eastern European countries With travel restrictions lifted, the young, the wealthy, and the skilled migrated in large numbers to western Europe.

Nagorno-Karabakh

The mountainous area of Azerbaijan, fought over by Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Digital Age

The twenty first century's diffusion of powerful micro-computer technology that enabled information-intensive production and the transformation of personal communication.

Which of the following was true of the nation-states of Europe in the twenty-first century? The nation-states of Europe were poorer in the twenty-first century than in 1945. The nation-states of Europe had fewer common institutions in the twenty-first century than in 1945. There were more nation-states in Europe in the twenty-first century than in 1945. The nation-states of Europe were home to fewer people in the twenty-first century than in 1945.

There were more nation-states in Europe in the twenty-first century than in 1945. Ironically, as globalization took hold economically and culturally, there came to be more nation-states in Europe in the twenty-first century than there had been in 1945.

Chechnya

This is a republic of Russia that has been denied independence. Russia invaded twice in the 1990's and caused over 100,000 casualties.

Which of the following accurately characterizes Russian society and politics under Boris Yeltsin's leadership in the 1990s? The shift to a market economy slowed down and then reversed. Yeltsin's allies bought up or confiscated national resources. Russia quickly stabilized as market forces took hold of the economy. The economic equality long promised by the communists finally arrived.

Yeltsin's allies bought up or confiscated national resources. Yeltsin's political allies, the military, and bureaucrats bought up or simply confiscated national resources. A new class of superwealthy Russians (including Yeltsin's own family), called oligarchs, arose by stealing the wealth in natural resources and factories once seen as belonging to all the people.