Chapter 29 fluid, electrolytes, acid base

Which of the following would you expect to see in response to an extracellular fluid calcium ion level of 5.7 mEq/liter?

increased secretion of CT

In compensating for metabolic acidosis, the body:

increases respiratory rate

Bicarbonate ion diffuses out of red blood cells into plasma, it is usually exchanged with which anion?

Chloride

Hemoglobin picks up a hydrogen ion when:

it releases oxygen to tissues

the primary means of water movement between fluid compartments is

osmosis

A decrease in angiotensin II leads to:

Decreased blood volume due to increased GFR

the PH of blood varies directly with

HCO3-

Extracellular fluids are:

High in sodium and low in potassium

You would expect a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to be excreting more ____ in urine than a healthy person

Hydrogen ions

Use of laxatives in older people to relieve constipation often results in:

Hypokalemia

The area that stimulates the conscious desire to drink water is located in the:

Hypothalamus

the primary determinant of body fluid volume is the

sodium and chloride ions lost from the kidney

The stimulus for release of ANP is:

stretching of the atrial wall

women generally have a lower amount of total body water than men because

they have a higher body temperature

A patient whose blood pH is 7.47, whose pCO2 is 31 mmHg in arterial blood, and whose levels of bicarbonate ion in arterial blood are 23 mEq/liter is in:

uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

Bicarbonate ion acts as a:

weak base

Edema may result from:

Lymphatic blockage Increased blood hydrostatic pressure Hypoproteinemia

Severe vomiting leads to the pH imbalance ____ due to loss of ____.

Metabolic alkalosis; gastric acids

The primary intracellular ions are:

Potassium & phosphate ions & protein anions

Excessive intake or drinking of water normally leads to:

Reduced ADH secretion

Holding your breath for an extended period of time results in

Respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation results in:

Respiratory alkalosis

Aspirin overdose leads to the pH imbalance ____ due to ____.

Respiratory alkalosis; hyperventilation

The cation that is necessary for generation and conduction of action potentials and that contributes nearly half of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is:

Sodium ion

Protein anions are most abundant in:

The cytosol

Drinking plain water after excessive sweating leads to:

Water intoxication

the term alkaline Reserve is used to describe what buffer system

bicarbonate

Which of the following cannot help protect against pH changes caused by respiratory problems in which there is an excess or shortage of carbon dioxide?

bicarbonate ion/carbonic acid buffers

In compensating for respiratory alkalosis, the body excretes more:

bicarbonate ions

an attempt to compensate for plasma acidosis

breathing rate and depth will increase

Hydrogen ions are normally eliminated from the body:

by excretion in urine

The physiological response to an acid base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood pH is called:

compensation

the direction of water movement between fluid compartments is determined by

concentration of solutes

if lactic acid is injected IV, then plasma bicarbonate ion levels will immediately

decrease

if plasma (aldosterone) increases, na + excretion will

decrease

An acid may be defined as:

A donor of hydrogen

A pH of 6.5 is said to be:

Acid

Levels of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily by:

Aldosterone

Levels of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily by:

Aldosterone

A person who has not eaten for a week is probably:

All of the above (generating ketone bodies excreting excess hydrogen ions generating new bicarbonate ions) breathing more rapidly than normal

The Thirst Center is stimulated by

Angiotensin II, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, and dry mouth

The ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid molecules in extracellular fluid is normally about:

20:1

ADH saves water by:

Enhancing passive movement of water out of the collecting ducts.

The carboxyl group of an amino acid acts as a buffer for:

Excess hydroxide ions

Hypernatremia can be defined as a(n):

Excessive retention of plasma sodium