Chapter 29
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
- The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Hamas are both groups that are considered terrorist groups by Israel; both groups have used violence against Israel, and Israel has responded to both groups with military action.
Eugene McCarthy
1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.
My Lai Massacre
1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.
Tet offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
Woodstock
3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field
George McGovern
A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.
the Stonewall
A bar with mostly homosexuals clientele in Greenwich Village. In 1969, the bar was raided by New York City policy. The bar's cliets asserted that were the victims of policy harrassment due to their sexual orientation. After the incident, gays and lesbians acted more bodly and more proudly in pursuing their rights.
Hubert Humphrey
A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.
Sexual revolution
A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.
What was the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s? What caused it? What brought about a backlash againstit by the 1980s?
A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.
Describe and account for the successes and failures of Richard Nixon's Presidency.
Although largely remembered and criticized for Watergate, Nixon was actually an mazing President that accomplished more than most during his administration. Nixon's accomplishments while in office included: largely ending segregated classes in the south, revenue sharing, ending the draft, new anticrime laws, started the process of ending the Cold War, recognized and fought against foreign oil price gouging, and implemented a broad environmental program (he is largely responsible for the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Neil Armstrong and the moon landing
Armstrong was an astronaut and the first person to walk on Earth's moon. He traveled to the moon on Apollo 11 in July of 1969
Henry Kissinger
Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.
Nixon Doctrine
During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.
the Watergate break-in and cover-up
Even though Nixon was sure to win the election, former employees for the Committee for the Reelection of the President (CREEP) broke into the Watergate hotel where the DNC took place
The Berkeley Free Speech Movement
First major campus protest at University Of California Berkeley.
The White House plumbers
Group of people in charge of plugging the leaks in the White House administration.
Haight-Ashbury
Haven for young people seeking an alternative to the straight world in 1965. Was located in San Francisco
Robert Kennedy
He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.
Discuss Henry Kissinger's "shuttle diplomacy" in the Middle East. What did it accomplish?
In diplomacy and international relations, shuttle diplomacy is the action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between (or among) principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact. Originally and usually, the process entails successive travel ("shuttling") by the intermediary, from the working location of one principal, to that of another. The term was first applied to describe the efforts of United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, beginning November 5, 1973, which facilitated the cessation of hostilities following the Yom Kippur War. Negotiators often use shuttle diplomacy when the one or both of two principals refuses recognition of the other prior to mutually desired negotiation. Mediators have adopted the term "shuttle diplomacy" as well
the New Left
In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics.
Gay Liberation Movement
In the 1970s, homosexuals began an effort to win social and legal acceptance and to encourage gays to affirm their sexual identity. Despite some advances, the movement was slowed by the onset of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s and the insistence of the military on banning openly gay individuals from the armed services.
Did the outcome of Watergate "prove that the constitutional system worked" or did it have some other impact?
It frightened Americans that the highest powers were not being honest and tricking America into believing other things. America was scared and did not know who to trust after finding out about Nixon.
Spiro Agnew
Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.
the New right
Politically active religious conservatives who became particularly vocal in the 1980's. The New Right criticized feminism, opposed abortion and homosexuality, and promoted "Family values" and military preparedness.
George Wallace
Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
Which Great Society programs reformed American society the most? How?
Slogan used in 1965 by Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson to identify his legislative program of national reform. In his first State of the Union address, Johnson described his vision of a Great Society that would include a war on poverty and federal support for education, medical care for the elderly, and legal protection for African Americans deprived of voting rights by state regulations. He also proposed a new department of housing and urban development to coordinate federal housing projects. Congress enacted almost all his programs, the largest number of such measures since the New Deal. Civil Rights Act of 1964; Medicare and Medicaid.
Salvador Allende
Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.
What were the students at Kent State University protesting in 1970? What happened there? How did studentsand liberals react? How did the majority of Americans react?
The Kent State shootings (also known as the May 4 massacre or the Kent State massacre) occurred at Kent State University in the U.S. city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis. Some of the students who were shot had been protesting against the Cambodian Campaign, which President Richard Nixon announced during a television address on April 30. Other students who were shot had been walking nearby or observing the protest from a distance. There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools closed throughout the United States due to a student strike of four million students, and the event further affected the public opinion—at an already socially contentious time—over the role of the United States in the Vietnam War.
Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon papers
The Plumbers first targeted Ellsberg, a former Defense Department analyst who had given the press the Pentagon Papers, which was a secret documentary history of US involvement in Vietnam. It revealed a long line of lies to Congress, foreign leaders, and the American people. Although nothing bad was said about Nixon, he feared that it would undermine trust in govt and establish for publishing classified material, and he tried to bar the publication. The Supreme Court, however, ruled that their publicatino was protected by the First Amendment. Therefore, Nixon directed the Justice Dept to indict Ellsberg for theft and ordered the plumbers to break into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist in search of info that could discredit him.
To what extent did radicalism and violence affect the political and social developments of the 1960s?
The assassinations and the activities of the Black Panthers were evidence of radicalism, not just affecting it. In the case of Martin Luther King, his assassination caused some to give up the hope of peaceful change and they were more motivated to become radical in their push for ordinary rights to vote, live anywhere, get an education, etc. The Black Panthers and Malcolm X had lost hope in white America and they taught their followers to take their rights and not wait for reasonable whites to give them; the Black Panthers and Malcolm X became identified with the words "violence" and "extremism".
the Port Huron Statement
The doctrine of the Students for a Democratic Society; it critiqued US society and its major institutions. They pushed for increased involvement from everyday people in decision-making. They pushed back against consumerism
Explain the impact of the women's movement.
The feminist movement (also known as the women's movement, women's liberation, or feminism) refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence, all of which fall under the label of feminism. The movement's priorities vary among nations and communities and range from opposition to female genital mutilation in one country to opposition to the glass ceiling in another. The movement began in the western world in the late 19th century and has gone through three waves. First-wave feminism was oriented around the station of middle- or upper-class white women and involved suffrage and political equality. Second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Third-wave feminism is continuing to address the financial, social and cultural inequalities and includes renewed campaigning for women's greater influence in politics and media. In reaction to political happenings, feminism has also had to remain focused on women's reproductive rights.
Some historians have argued that, "only Nixon could have gone to China." Why do they say this?
The phrase "Nixon goes to China", "Nixon to China", or "Nixon in China" is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China, where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong. The metaphor is often expressed as the observation "Only Nixon could go to China" or "It took Nixon to go to China". As a political metaphor, it refers to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials. Although the example is that of a hardliner taking steps toward peace with a traditional enemy, and this is the most common application of the metaphor, it could also be applied to a reputedly cautious diplomat defying expectations by taking military action, or a political leader reforming aspects of the political system of which they have been strong supporters.
SALT I
Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.
Bernstein and Woodward
kept studying burglaries, began connecting burglaries to creep, to Nixon. followed money paid to burglars to Nixon. Nixon tried to destroy all evidence. Supreme Court order Nixon to give tapes. US was shocked. He was rude, racist. Nixon resigned.
Flower children
the rebels that denounced all kids of authority, and shifted their perspective on the value of authority in the 1960s. They questions authority and sparked a domino affect of protests against authouirty, and called for individual rights and political freedom. These protests occurred first i California, then to Columbia, West Berlin, and the China.
Roe v. Wade
established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut
Explain what President Nixon meant by the policy of Vietnamization.
Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration during the Vietnam War to end the U.S.' involvement in the war and "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops".[1] Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens' mistrust of their government that had begun after the offensive worsened with the release of news about U.S. soldiers massacring civilians at My Lai (1968), the invasion of Cambodia (1970), and the leaking of the Pentagon Papers (1971).
the Yippies
Youth International Party. Group comprised of anarchists, artists, critics, etc. Protested at the DNC against Humphrey in Chicago in 1968. They were denied a march permit but marched anyways, protestors beat down, later called a police riot.
students for a Democratic Society
a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," SDS emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and anitwar movements during the 1960s
Hippies and the counterculture
believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam.
Kent State and Jackson State killings
colleges where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, and police/ national guard killed some students.
Saturday Night Massacre
dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973