Chapter 3 AP Government

Elastic Clause

necessary and proper clause of constitution that states the government has implied powers

categorical grants

one type of federal grants-in-aid; made for some specific, closely defined, purpose. Many strings attached.

McCulloch v. Maryland

National bank in Maryland. Maryland tried to tax it. Outcome: implied powers exist

Necessary and proper clause

The elastic clause

project grants

awarded based on competitive application (Categorical).

unitary systems

concentrates all power in one place (central govt).

Privileges and Immunities

prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. Except college tuition

Tenth Amendment

"Powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people". States have independent powers than the national government (not above the national government tho)

Federalism

A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same area and people; it is a system of shared power between units of government.

Inter

Between and among, national government.

Cooperative Federalism

Cooperation among federal, state, &local govts; "marble cake" federalism

block grants

Federal money given to the states with few restrictions about how it should be spent.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Interstate commerce is power of federal government.

Confederation

Most power in states

Extradition

People convicted of crimes must be returned to states, can't hide out in another state.

Reserved Powers

Powers given to the state government alone. FWESHM

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Denied powers

Powers the government DOESN'T have. No taxes on exports

Unfunded mandates

Programs that the Federal government requires States to implement without Federal funding.

Competitive grants

Project grants based on competitive applications

Full faith and credit

States must honor public acts, records, and civil judgments of other states for that citizen (marriage)

Supremacy Clause

States that the following are the supreme law of the land: the constitution, laws of national government (when consistent with the constitution), treaties (which can be made only by the national government).

Fiscal Federalism

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system

enumerated powers

The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution. Article 1 section 8

Intra

Within state, state government

Dual Federalism

clear division of governing authority between national and state governments. Layer cake

Concurrent powers

powers shared by the state and federal governments. Tax and roads

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states. Devolution