Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies 1500-1700

wampum

shell beads used in ceremonies and as jewelry and currency

Timucua

the native people of Florida, whom the Spanish displaced with the founding of St. Augustine, the first Spanish settlement in North America

Middle Passage

the perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of slave ships from the African coast to the New World

3.3 English Settlements in America

The English came late to colonization of the Americas, establishing stable settlements in the 1600s after several unsuccessful attempts in the 1500s. After Roanoke Colony failed in 1587, the English found more success with the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and Plymouth in 1620. The two colonies were very different in origin. The Virginia Company of London founded Jamestown with the express purpose of making money for its investors, while Puritans founded Plymouth to practice their own brand of Protestantism without interference. Both colonies battled difficult circumstances, including poor relationships with neighboring Indian tribes. Conflicts flared repeatedly in the Chesapeake Bay tobacco colonies and in New England, where a massive uprising against the English in 1675 to 1676-King Philip's War-nearly succeeded in driving the intruders back to the sea.

3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions

The French and Dutch established colonies in the northeastern part of North America: the Dutch in present day New York, and the French in present day Canada. Both colonies were primarily trading posts for furs. While they failed to attract many colonists from their respective home countries, these outposts nonetheless intensified imperial rivalries in North America. Both the Dutch and the French relied on native peoples to harvest the pelts that proved profitable in Europe.

3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society

In their outposts at St. Augustine and Santa Fe, the Spanish never found the fabled mountains of gold they sought. They did find many native people to convert to Catholicism, but their zeal nearly cost them the colony of Santa Fe, which they lost for twelve years after the Pueblo Revolt. In truth, the grand dreams of wealth, conversion, and a social order based on Spanish control never came to pass as Spain envisioned them.

3.4 The Impact of Colonization

The development of the Atlantic slave trade forever changed the course of European settlement in the Americas. Other transatlantic travelers, including diseases, goods, plants, animals, and even ideas like the concept of private land ownership, further influenced life in America during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The exchange of pelts for European goods including copper kettles, knives, and guns played a significant role in changing the material cultures of native peoples. During the seventeenth century, native peoples grew increasingly dependent on European trade items. At the same time, many native inhabitants died of European diseases, while survivors adopted new ways of living with their new neighbors.

repartimienta

a Spanish colonial system requiring Indian towns to supply workers for the colonizers

indenture

a labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years

headright system

a system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia

maroon communities

groups of runaway slaves who resisted recapture and eked a living from the land

patroonships

large tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization

musket

light, long barreled European gun

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, an elite Catholic religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and to combat the spread of Protestantism