Chapter 3: Culture

Sociobiology is founded on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. A. Charles Darvin evolution theory B. Karl Marx Social thory C. Yaz Smith Socialism evolution D. David Samon evolution theory

Answer: A A. Charles Darvin evolution theory

Which of the following is considered a cultural universal? A. athletic sports B. war C. money restrictions D. none of these

Answer: A A. athletic sports

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

Answer: A A. functionalist perspective

The U.S. formerly demanding conformity to a single language reflects which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

Answer: A A. functionalist perspective

Social network users who try to increase their popularity online to compensate for inadequate popularity offline is referred to by which hypothesis? A. social compensation B. social doubling C. social enhancement D. social continuity

Answer: A A. social compensation

Which of the following statements about rites of passage is true? A. The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage. B. All segments of American society celebrate the arrival of adulthood with the same rites of passage. C. People in all societies experience adolescence between the ages of 15 and 17. D. all of these

Answer: A A. The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage.

A child grows up in a dysfunctional family, where he observes abuse, constant fighting, character assassination, and humiliation. This represents an informal process of A. anticipatory socialization. B. resocialization. C. reverse socialization. D. desocialization.

Answer: A A. anticipatory socialization.

The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as A. culture. B. society. C. socialization. D. social structure.

Answer: A A. culture.

In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as A. degradation ceremonies. B. resocialization. C. anticipatory socialization. D. reverse socialization.

Answer: A A. degradation ceremonies.

The self is the A. distinct identity that sets us apart from others. B. child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. C. child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of the people who are most important in his or her life. D. person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.

Answer: A A. distinct identity that sets us apart from others.

Which is the first part of Charles Horton Cooley's "looking-glass self?" A. imagining how we present ourselves to others B. imagining how others evaluate us C. developing a feeling about ourselves D. imagining how attractive, intelligent, shy, or strange we are

Answer: A A. imagining how we present ourselves to others

Social scientists now recognize that A. it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children's social development. B. if young children are kept clean and warm, they will develop normally. C. social interaction for young children is not as important as was once believed. D. Isabelle and Genie were emotionally and socially healthy individuals and early researchers who believed otherwise were simply expressing their cultural biases.

Answer: A A. it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children's social development.

Invention is A. the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. B. the process of introducing new elements into a culture. C. the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. D. the process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society.

Answer: A A. the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist.

Which of the following is considered a total institution? A. a high school B. a mental hospital C. a Girl Scout troop D. the New York Mets

Answer: B B. a mental hospital

The statement "Attempts to create bilingualism in the U.S. represent subordinate language minorities seeking opportunities for self-expression" reflects the views of which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

Answer: B B. conflict perspective

What term refers to the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, or sexual orientation? A. cultural shock B. culture war C. subcultures D. contracultures

Answer: B B. culture war

Which social scientist studied rhesus monkeys in order to illustrate the importance of socialization for healthy development? A. Erving Goffman B. Harry Harlow C. William Kornblum D. Samuel Bowles

Answer: B B. Harry Harlow

Which of the following is not a characteristic of total institutions? A. All aspects of life are conducted in the same place and are under the control of a single authority. B. The authorities devise rules and schedule activities after consultation with the participants. C. Any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances. D. All aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization.

Answer: B B. The authorities devise rules and schedule activities after consultation with the participants.

The Schaefer text indicates which of the following individuals as being associated with the concept of the culture industry? A. Karl Marx B. Theodor Adorno C. Robert Merton D. W.E.B. Du Bois

Answer: B B. Theodor Adorno

A society A. is a dependent group that owes allegiance to a larger group. B. is the largest form of human group. C. contains several different cultures. D. contains one subculture and many cultures.

Answer: B B. is the largest form of human group.

Most adolescents seek jobs in order to A. identify a career choice. B. make spending money. C. assist in their parent's household expenses. D. pay for education.

Answer: B B. make spending money.

.Anticipatory socialization refers to A. the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a culture. B. processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. C. the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. D. the process whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

Answer: B B. processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life? A. role divestment B. resocialization C. desocialization D. anticipatory socialization

Answer: B B. resocialization

Which usually causes the most stress: socialization or resocialization? A. socialization B. resocialization C. Neither activity is stressful. D. Both activities are equally stressful.

Answer: B B. resocialization

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that A. early childhood deprivation could always be reversed with intense resocialization. B. social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys. C. there was no comparison between the development of the monkeys and human development. D. midlife deprivation was more serious than early childhood deprivation.

Answer: B B. social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys.

Life-course theorists suggest A. socialization stops after a person experiences a rite of passage. B. socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle. C. socialization is attributable solely to biological influences. D. all of these

Answer: B B. socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle.

In which country did Wal-Mart have to pull out in 2006 due in part to the company's failure to adjust to the national culture? A. Canada B. Brazil C. Germany D. France

Answer: C C. Germany

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called A. culture shock. B. cultural relativism. C. ethnocentrism. D. value stability.

Answer: C C. ethnocentrism.

Online networks which indicate how many "friends" a profile has, can help build which of the following for an individual? A. cultural capital B. cultural literacy C. social capital D. social literacy

Answer: C C. social capital

Which hypothesis states those who are popular offline further increase their popularity through online networking sites? A. social compensation B. social doubling C. social enhancement D. social continuity

Answer: C C. social enhancement

The key event that marks the rite of passage into adulthood in the U.S. is A. reaching the legal drinking age. B. celebrating your 18th birthday. C. completion of formal schooling. D. getting married.

Answer: C C. completion of formal schooling.

A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of A. xenocentrism. B. ethnocentrism. C. cultural relativism. D. cultural deconstruction.

Answer: C C. cultural relativism.

General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called A. cultural integration. B. cultural diffusion. C. cultural universals. D. cultural relativism.

Answer: C C. cultural universals.

In his research, George Murdock determined which of the following to be a cultural universal? A. war B. astronomy C. funeral ceremonies D. all of these

Answer: C C. funeral ceremonies

. In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

Answer: C C. interactionist perspective

The looking-glass self is the A. sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others. B. child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. C. phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others. D. person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.

Answer: C C. phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others.

An individual participates in personal therapy sessions for one year, and there are dramatic changes in the individual's personality during that period of time. This individual has undergone A. socialization. B. anticipatory socialization. C. resocialization. D. positive socialization.

Answer: C C. resocialization.

Rites of passage are A. gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication. B. stressful periods of self-evaluation, often occurring between 35 and 50 years of age. C. rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. D. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

Answer: C C. rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another.

Discovery is A. the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. B. the process of introducing new elements into a culture. C. the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. D. the process by which cultural items spread to different groups.

Answer: C C. the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.

What is the fastest growing age group online? A. 6-10 years old B. 12-15 years old C. 22-27 years old D. 30 and up

Answer: D D. 30 and up

Which of the following acts as an agent of socialization? A. face-to-face interaction with schoolmates B. online social encounters C. face-to-face interaction with co-workers D. all of these

Answer: D D. all of these

Which of the following is an example of a society? A. an Amish community in Pennsylvania B. the state of Alaska C. a British rugby team D. a small tribe on a remote South Pacific island

Answer: D D. a small tribe on a remote South Pacific island

Which of the following do sociologists recognize as an agent of socialization? A. the state B. religion C. television D. all of these

Answer: D D. all of these

Which of the following is an aspect of culture? A. using American Sign Language B. watching the Super Bowl game C. eating in fast-food restaurants D. all of these

Answer: D D. all of these

. Studies of identical twins have A. proved conclusively the importance of biological factors in human development. B. proved conclusively the importance of environmental factors in human development. C. proved conclusively that human development is a result of the interaction between environmental and biological factors. D. been based on extremely small samples and should be viewed as preliminary analyses at best.

Answer: D D. been based on extremely small samples and should be viewed as preliminary analyses at best.

Which of the following factors complicates the socialization of older persons in the U.S.? A. Social Security programs B. experiencing retirement C. declining physical ability D. both experiencing retirement AND declining physical ability.

Answer: D D. both experiencing retirement AND declining physical ability.

Sociobiology is the systematic study of the A. social structure within the animal kingdom. B. interactions between humans and higher animal forms. C. social bases of biological behavior. D. how biology affects human social behavior.

Answer: D D. how biology affects human social behavior.

A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of A. anticipatory socialization. B. socialization. C. reverse socialization. D. resocialization.

Answer: D D. resocialization.