Chapter 3 Developmental Psy

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at

1 and 5 minutes after birth.

When a mother is 40 years of age or older, the probability of a baby with Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______ births.

100

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

38 to 40

Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?

50 percent

Which of the following statements are true of a doula?

A doula is a caregiver. A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.)

Heart problems, facial deformities, learning problems

What is the biggest benefit of using kangaroo care with preterm infants?

It can help stabilize their heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.

______ molecules can typically cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus, while ______ molecules cannot.

Small; large

Which of the following is true of the second stage of birth?

The baby's head moves through the birth canal.

Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.

Of the following countries, which has the highest incidence of low birth weight babies?

United States

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

a defined schedule of visits for medial care screening for manageable conditions testing for treatable diseases

What are ways that a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?

across the placental barrier through breastfeeding during delivery

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

after birth

Which of the following treatments are proven to be effective in treating postpartum depression?

antidepressants psychotherapy regular exercise

As compared to other developed countries, the low birth weight rate in the United States is

considerably higher.

Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?

decision making stress levels marital conflict

Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood, maternal ______ increases the risk of physical defects in offspring.

diabetes

The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT

euphoria. but does have anxiety, despair, and sadness

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?

fetal

______ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.

folic acid

Children who are born preterm have higher rates of which of the following?

language disorder intellectual disability ADHD

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant.

low birth weight

Which of the following are related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

low birth weight being small for date preterm birth

Which of the following are risk factors for postpartum depression?

low level of social support history of depression low self-esteem

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the

mesoderm.

According to the U.S. surgeon general,

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

The female egg is known as the

ovum.

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as

prepared childbirth.

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called infants.

preterm

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for

reducing the odds of preterm birth.

Analgesia is used to ______ labor.

relieve pain during

Breech births can cause ______ in babies.

respiratory problems

Since the 1980s, the percentage of U.S. infants who are born preterm has

significantly increased.

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

the causes of birth defects.

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

the dosage genetic susceptibility time of exposure

About 70 percent of new mothers in the United States experience ______, in which they begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset a few days after birth.

the postpartum blues

Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?

toxic waste radiation chemical pollutants

True or false: Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants. True false question.

true

The postpartum blues is when a new mother begins to feel depressed, anxious, and upset ______ after birth.

two to three days

The fertilized egg is called the

zygote.

Which of the following are true statements about the first stage of birth?

Contractions become more frequent and intense. The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm.

______ is sometimes used in late first-stage labor and during delivery in order to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness.

Anesthesia

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Apgar Scale

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the

ectoderm.

The neural tube develops out of the embryo's

ectoderm.

The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

embryonic

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ______ period, when organs are being formed.

embryonic

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

embryonic

Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum in a process called

fertilization.

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

fertilization; birth

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the period.

fetal

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the

first trimester.

Consumption of which of the following by women who are pregnant or about to be pregnant can help prevent neural tube defects?

folic acid

Which of the following is NOT one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

having a high Apgar score

Which of the following substances was most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control?

heroin

Which of the following are complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy? (Choose every correct answer.)

hypertension diabetes depression

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is generally ______ than the others.

longer

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.

lower intelligence

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

marijuana caffeine nicotine alcohol

A baby born to HIV-infected mother

may be infected at birth but not develop symptoms until 15 months of age.

A trained health practitioner who helps women during labor, delivery, and afterbirth is best referred to as a

midwife.

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid

mitosis.

The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.

neural

The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning in the fifth prenatal week is known as

neurogenesis.

At approximately 6 to 24 weeks after conception, neuronal ____ occurs, and cells begin moving outward from their point of origin.

neuronal migration

During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start to become connected?

neurons

Information processing at the cellular level in the brain is handled by nerve cells known as

neurons.

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is

not recommended.

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

nutritional services comprehensive educational services social services

In a normal pregnancy, neurogenesis begins

once the neural tube has closed.

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as

organogenesis.

Which are drugs that may be used for labor?

oxytocin/Pitocin anesthesia analgesia

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the _______ , a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

Women who are pregnant at age 35 or older are at an elevated risk of having a pregnancy with which of the following complications?

preterm birth fetal death

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is

psychoactive drugs.

Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth?

rubella genital herpes syphilis

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to

rubella.

During the ______ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts about an hour.

second

When a woman is or might be pregnant,

she should weigh the risks of undergoing an X-ray.

It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the ______ month of pregnancy.

sixth

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

smoked

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

some antidepressants acne medications antibiotics synthetic estrogen

A lack of folic acid is associated with increased risk of

spina bifida.

In the United States today, about 9 percent of births include the attendance of a midwife, which represents a ______ from the percentage of those who used a midwife in 1975.

substantial increase

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (Choose every correct answer.)

sudden infant death syndrome low birth weight respiratory problems

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

support systems for cells begin to form organs begin to appear

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ____ to the unborn fetus. (Watch your spelling!)

teratogen

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)

teratogen.

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.

third

Which of the following are true of infants whose mother's have gestational diabetes? (Select all that apply.)

They often have a very high birth weight. They are at a higher risk of developing diabetes.

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

True

True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.

True

True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal. True false question.

True

True or false: Neuronal migration is when nerve cells begin moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations.

True

True or false: Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

True Reason: Unless it is metabolized or is too large, virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

Research reviews have concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy

alters brain functioning in the fetus.

The ______ is like a bag or envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

amnion

Anesthesia, oxytocin, and ___ are the three main kinds of drugs used when a woman is in labor.

analgesia

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.

analgesics

When the highest regions of the brain fail to develop due to the lack of closure of the neural tube, _______ may develop resulting in infant death.

anencephaly

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall cell division creation of the fertilized egg

Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy?

babies born small for gestational age low birth weight

Which of the following are common reasons a cesarean delivery might be performed?

baby is in breech position fetal distress failure to progress through labor

Unlike in some other cultures, it is customary in the United States for a baby's father to

be with the mother throughout labor and delivery.

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the

blastocyst.

General anesthesia is not usually used in normal births because it

can affect the fetus.

An incision made in the mother's abdomen to deliver a baby is a procedure known as a ______ delivery.

cesarean

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?

critical period

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

drank alcohol

All babies born to HIV-infected mothers are HIV-infected at birth.

False Reason: Babies born to HIV-infected mothers can be (1) infected and symptomatic (show HIV symptoms), (2) infected but asymptomatic (not show HIV symptoms), or (3) not infected at all.

Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?

Lamaze

In what ways does the natural childbirth method attempt to reduce the mother's pain?

through breathing methods with relaxation techniques through education

True or false: Infants born to women using heroin are at risk for experiencing withdrawal symptoms.

true

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development.

two

Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last ______ of pregnancy.

two months