Chapter 3- Domains of Human Development

Psychologists who believe in the power of nurture are most likely to also believe in: Continuity Both continuity and discontinuity All are correct None are correct Discontinuity

Discontinuity

The belief that development happens in stages is called: All are correct Continuity None are correct Development Discontinuity

Discontinuity

4. Plasticity.

. Baltes understood that development is possible because of plasticity, or the ability to change. Without the ability to change, no one would develop. The traditional view of development said that plasticity was only a part of people until adulthood. After that point, well, 'you can't teach an old dog new tricks.

According to emotional development theories, _____ 11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds. 3-year-olds cry less than 11-year-olds. 11-year-olds are more emotional than 3-year-olds. 3-year-olds and 11-year-olds have similar levels of emotional intelligence. 3-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 11-year-olds.

11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.

Socialization

? Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization

Calvin is a singer who gets anxious when speaking to large groups. However, once he starts singing, he immediately feels confident and calm. This is transient action is an example of: A personality disorder A genetic quirk A personality trait A behavioral disorder A character flaw

A personality trait

Which of the following examples represents a function of a school? Teaching students how to interact with others. All of these are true. Transmitting knowledge and academic skills. Transmitting cultural norms and values.

All of these are true.

2. Multidimensionality.

Baltes believed that a person's body, mind, emotions, and relationships all develop across the life span and all affect one another. For example, a new parent might not get very much sleep, which could cause his thoughts to become more negative. He might find that he is thinking of worst-case scenarios, which might make him feel more anxious than he's ever been. This might end up affecting his relationship with his baby. His biological, cognitive (or thinking), and socioemotional dimensions are all changing and all affecting one another.

Why are developmental outcomes difficult to predict? Because development is the result of the combination of behavioral factors and nutrition, where certain nutrients determine the expression of a person's genetic potential. Because there are many people who have a nomadic lifestyle. Because development is the result of a complex process where the environment determines the expression of a person's genetic potential. Because we do not have the necessary technology yet.

Because development is the result of a complex process where the environment determines the expression of a person's genetic potential.

Why are people more able to learn to identify animals tracks than car parts? Because cars are more complex than animals. Because identifying animal tracks was part of our ancestral development. Because there is more variety in car parts than in animal tracks. Because people are more exposed to animal tracks than car parts. Because animal tracks are bigger than most car parts.

Because identifying animal tracks was part of our ancestral development.

Why is natural selection an essential part of evolution? Because natural selection predicts how long a species will survive. Because natural selection explains how species adapt by changing their genetic makeup from one generation to the next. None of these answers are correct. Because natural selection explains why certain species remain the same. Because natural selection explains why species reproduce.

Because natural selection explains how species adapt by changing their genetic makeup from one generation to the next.

Why is plasticity important for development? Because plasticity speeds up development. Because plasticity ensures that change happens at a rate that the individual can manage. Because without plasticity, it would be impossible to remember things. Because without plasticity, change would be impossible.

Because without plasticity, change would be impossible.

Plasticity

Besides being multidimensional and multidirectional, human brains and bodies are also highly plastic. Which simply means the ability to change.

3. Multidirectionality.

Besides just growing, Baltes recognized that sometimes development involves shrinking, too. He understood that, at different points in our lives, some aspects of ourselves might grow and others might shrink. For example, an older adult might find that her biological dimension shrinks as her eyesight gets worse. At the same time, she might find that her socioemotional dimension grows as she finds time to bond with others her age and pursues hobbies during retirement.

The process of growth and change that people go through is called: None are correct All are correct Discontinuity Development Continuity

Development

Which educational perspective proposes that the responsibility of learning falls on the learner rather than the teacher? Behaviorist Cognitive Social-Cognitive Constructivist

Constructivist

The theory that change occurs in a specific setting and at a specific time is called: Multidirectionality Lifelong development Contextuality Plasticity Multidimensionality

Contextuality

Psychologists who believe in the power of nature are most likely to also believe in: All are correct Continuity Both continuity and discontinuity None are correct Discontinuity

Continuity

The belief that development happens gradually over time is called: None are correct Discontinuity All are correct Development Continuity

Continuity

. All of the following influence probabalistic epigenesis, EXCEPT: Neural activity Culture Genetic activity Environment

Culture

The process of change that all humans experience is called: Development Growth Learning Maturation

Development

Which of the following classroom activities promotes gender equity? Allowing all girls to answer questions without raising their hands. Conducting an assessment every three years to determine if stereotypical practices exist in instruction. Reading books on leadership and governance with predominately male characters. Engaging in class discussion about stereotypes found in books and instructional material.

Engaging in class discussion about stereotypes found in books and instructional material.

Ethnology

Ethnology is the study of behavior as it relates to evolution and the survival of a species.

Which of the following statement about growth is FALSE? Growth can be measured The body becomes physically larger as a result of growth Genetics are a main factor of growth Growth impacts the mind

Growth impacts the mind

What is a distinguishing characteristic between growth and maturation? Growth is measured by size, maturation is measured by age Growth is a natural process, maturation is a form of learning Growth is limited, maturation is limitless Growth is physical, maturation is intellectual

Growth is limited, maturation is limitless

Growth

Growth is the physical process of development, particularly the process of becoming physically larger. It is quantifiable, meaning that it can be measured, and it is mostly influenced by genetics.

Sam's younger brother stops crying when he hears a specific nursery rhyme. As a child, Sam plays the song often for his little brother. As an adult, Sam tries to play the same song for his own child. Sam's behavior is an example of learning because: He has changed his behavior based on his environment His uses his skills to devise a solution to a problem He demonstrates knowledge of the song He remembered the song from a previous experience

He has changed his behavior based on his environment

A school's _____ unintentionally teaches students the social attitudes and habits that will allow them to fit into society. Manifest function Hidden curriculum Social function Academic curriculum

Hidden curriculum

All of the following are examples of environmental influences on gender differences, EXCEPT: Media Hormones Parents Peers

Hormones

How does school act as an agent of socialization? In school, we learn how different our families are. In school, we learn about obeying authority. In school, we learn about various research studies that teach us more about socialization. School does not play a role as an agent of socialization.

In school, we learn about obeying authority.

How does our childhood peer group act as an agent of socialization? It exists only through the direction of an adult since we cannot drive to places on our own. It is the most important agent of socialization, as peers reset all the work done by a child's family. It gives us an opportunity to form relationships on our own terms. Peer groups allow us to reinforce our gender stereotypes as we get to see how other boys and girls interact.

It gives us an opportunity to form relationships on our own terms.

Why is physical development important for babies and toddlers? It is necessary for muscular growth and development It includes visual development, which allows them to learn to read It is essential for their emotional development It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment

It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment

Why is mass media an important agent of socialization? It is not important when it comes to socialization. It is where children get their first sense of right and wrong and develop other important value systems. It allows children to learn things without the supervision of an adult since they can watch TV in their rooms. It reinforces gender stereotypes and allows children to see things their parents might not want them to

It reinforces gender stereotypes and allows children to see things their parents might not want them to

According to evolutionary psychology, all of the following statements are true, EXCEPT: Learning can be built upon. Learning is planned to occur in a certain way. Learning is randomly acquired. The human brain comes into the world with some idea of how the world is structured.

Learning is randomly acquired.

The idea that people develop at all points during their lives is called: Plasticity Lifelong development Multidimensionality Contextuality Multidirectionality

Lifelong development

As a young adult, Cara begins a career, learns new skills in the workplace and forms a healthy relationship. She is showing signs of: Growth Development Maturation Learning

Maturation

The fact that people develop emotionally, physically, and intellectually is called: Contextuality Multidimensionality Plasticity Multidirectionality Lifelong development

Multidimensionality

Joanne is a new mom. She has found that she's less of a night owl than she used to be, but she's found that she feels more positive emotions than she used to. The fact that her physical abilities are shrinking while her emotional abilities are growing is an example of: Multidirectionality Lifelong development Multidimensionality Plasticity Contextuality

Multidirectionality

_____ refers to traits that are biological or inherited. Nature Nurture Hormones Genetics

Nature

6. Contextuality.

People do not live in a vacuum, and they do not develop on their own. Baltes recognized that all development happens in a specific setting and at a specific time.

_____ are a person's usual ways of thinking, behaving and feeling. Personality insights Personality states Personality traits Personality disorders

Personality traits

The ability to change is called: Lifelong development Contextuality Multidirectionality Plasticity Multidimensionality

Plasticity

Which of the following is NOT a strategy older adults can use to delay a slowdown in their cognitive development? Sleeping more Taking classes Completing crossword and Sudoku puzzles Physical exercise

Sleeping more

How are social development and emotional development different? Social development is about understanding emotions, while emotional development is about learning to interact with others. Social development is about learning how groups are structured, while emotional development is about learning the relationships between emotions. Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions. Social development is about learning how groups are structured, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.

Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.

Which educational psychology perspective proposes that learning occurs through observation? Social-Cognitive Constructivist Cognitive Behaviorist

Social-Cognitive

All of the following statements about socialization are true, EXCEPT: Through socialization, we learn how to walk, talk, and feed ourselves. Through socialization, we learn about social expectations. Socialization only occurs during childhood. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization.

Socialization only occurs during childhood.

Prevailing theories in psychology suggest that the main factors influencing our personalities include all of the following EXCEPT: Genetics Strangers Time Friends Parents

Strangers

What is the definition of evolutionary developmental psychology? The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human development. The study of changes in human behavior over many generations. The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to genetic mutation. The study of genetic mutations over many generations.

The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human development.

How has natural selection affected our development? The process of natural selection occurs from one generation to the next when someone inherits a developmental abnormality. The development of males is thought to be related to natural selection, but the development of females has not been affected by this process. There has been a natural selection for the genes related to developmental abnormalities. The characteristic behaviors that occur during different developmental periods have developed through the process of natural selection.

The characteristic behaviors that occur during different developmental periods have developed through the process of natural selection.

5. Multidisciplinary.

The life span perspective recognizes that psychologists are not the only people interested in studying how people develop across the course of their lives. Psychologists, medical doctors, neuroscientists, sociologists, even politicians and philosophers are all interested in figuring out the answers to questions about how people function at different points in their lives.

How do you define Epigenesis? The process through which behavior and environment bring forth development. The process through which genetics and behavior bring forth development. The process through which genetics and environment bring forth development. The process through which genetics and neural activity bring forth development.

The process through which genetics and environment bring forth development.

Alex and Betty are the exact same age, but Alex has a learning disability. Should we expect their respective levels of cognitive development to be the same or different? Why? They'll be different, because no two children are at the same level of cognitive development. They'll be the same, because they're the same age. They'll be different, because Alex is boy. They'll be different, because Alex has a disability.

They'll be different, because Alex has a disability.

Which of the following is NOT a type of human development? Traditional Cognitive Physical Emotional

Traditional

1. Lifelong Development.

We've already discussed this one as the central tenet of the life span perspective. Essentially, this is the idea that people continue to develop as they age, from birth all the way to death.

. Individuals commonly find mates while attended a college or university. This is an example of _____. hidden curriculum in the school a social function of school a manifest function of school a latent function of school

a latent function of school

B.F. Skinner is best known for his contributions to the _____ perspective of educational psychology. cognitive constructivist developmental behaviorist

behaviorist

Maria Montessori

best known for her philosophy of education and schools

Personality

can be formally defined as a given person's characteristic thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

learning

changes based on environmental stimuli. Most people think of learning as what you do in school, which is a type of intellectual development. But there are other types of learning, too. And unlike growth and maturation, learning is mostly environmental and is not affected very much by genetics.

Learning how to do multiplication is an example of _____. developmental psychology cognitive development emotional development social development

cognitive development

Traditional theories of plasticity state that it _____ as people get older. However, current research contends that plasticity _____ as people age. stays the same; declines declines; increases increases; declines stays the same; increases declines; stays the same

declines; stays the same

The _____ educational psychology perspective proposes that learning occurs through stage-like processes. behaviorist constructivist cognitive developmental

developmental

The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and relationships change as they grow is referred to as _____. cognitive development emotional development developmental psychology social development

developmental psychology

multidirectional

dimensions and specific components of dimensions grow and shrink during different points in a person's development. For example, as a toddler, Timmy doesn't really understand what's going on when his parents argue or when he sees someone cry. And even if he does understand, he doesn't know what to do. But as he gets older, his ability to understand and navigate complex social situations will grow. He'll understand that his parents are fighting and be able to offer comfort to someone who is crying.

Development is the process of _____ and _____ that humans go through over their lifetime. growth; life reasoning; change growth; change reasoning; growth

growth; change

A personality trait is considered to be _____. transient ephemeral inconsistent difficult to detect enduring

enduring

The study of behavior as it relates to evolution and the survival of a species is called _____. probabilistic epigenesis psychobiology ethnology

ethnology

The agent of socialization that usually provides children with their first system of values, norms, and beliefs is their _____. family mass media exposure peer group school

family

latent function

function is a function that people are not aware of or doesn't come to mind straight away and usually is not intended. For example, schools often play a matchmaker function: they put together individuals of similar ages and backgrounds, and this results in many of us finding romantic partners and mates in primary, secondary, or post-secondary school

Self-constructed beliefs regarding specific traits and behaviors of males and females are referred to as _____. equity schemas cognitive schemas behavioral schemas gender schemas

gender schemas

Paul Baltes

he established the life span perspective of development, which views growth and change as occurring at all points in a person's life, as well as in many different directions at once.

Hormones that impact a child's behavior are considered _____ factors, while influences such as peers and parents are considered _____ factors. nurture; nature nature; nurture biological; gender environmental; biological

nature; nurture

Developmental psychology

is the perspective that studies change that occurs in learners over the course of a long period of time. The developmental perspective encompasses theories that are continuous and discontinuous in nature.

Epigenesis

is the process through which genetics and environment play a role in development.

Life span development

is the study of how humans grow and change throughout their entire life.

Developmental psychology

is the study of how people grow and change. These changes traditionally looked at how people's thoughts, feelings, behaviors and physical bodies changed and grew in childhood and adolescence.

Behaviorism

is the theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. •The environment influences behavior. •Learning is described through stimuli and responses. •Learning must involve a behavioral change. •Learning must result when stimulus and response occur close together in time. •Animals and humans learn in similar ways.

Cognitive psychology

is the theoretical perspective that focuses on learning based on how people perceive, remember, think, speak and problem-solve. The cognitive perspective differs from the behaviorist perspective in two distinct ways

John Watson

known as the father of behaviorism;

The study of how people grow and change during all phases of their lives is called _____. multi-dimensionality multi-directionality life span development life changes plasticity

life span development

Colleges help prepare students for their future careers. This is an example of a _____ function of the school. manifest social cultural latent

manifest

maturation

maturation is the physical, intellectual, or emotional process of development. Maturation is often not quantifiable, and it too is mostly influenced by genetics.

The concept that development occurs biologically, intellectually, and emotionally is called _____. multi-directionality multi-dimensionality plasticity life changes life span development

multi-dimensionality

The concept that different elements of a person grow and shrink at different points in life is called _____. multi-dimensionality life span development multi-directionality plasticity

multi-directionality

manifest function

of school is a function that people believe is the obvious purpose of school and education. Manifest functions of education are those that are intended and that most people think about.

multidimensional

or change happens across many different aspects of a human life. Biological (or physical), cognitive (or mental) and socioemotional changes all take place at the same time. Not only that, those three dimensions interact with each other in different ways.

Lynette feels socially inept and has a constant fear of being shamed or rejected by others. As a result, she avoids interacting in social situations and is reserved in her close relationships. This is an example of a _____. personality disorder personal problem personality trait cultural difference

personality disorder

Adolescents gain _____ skills as the prefrontal cortex of their brain develops. motor and exploratory motor and problem-solving reasoning and problem-solving exploratory and problem-solving

reasoning and problem-solving

Some sociologists believe that _____ is a function of school that perpetuates inequality. socialization competition social placement culturization

social placement

Albert Bandura is famous for his contributions to the _____ perspective of educational psychology. social-cognitive cognitive developmental constructivist

social-cognitive

According to Gilbert Gottlieb, the development of an organism is dependent on _____. neurological forces alone environmental forces alone the interaction of biological and environmental forces the interaction between neural activity and the placenta

the interaction of biological and environmental forces