Chapter 3

What % of the body is minerals?

4%

Permeability of phospholipid bilayer

-water-soluble molecules DO NOT pass easily (water, amino acids) -lipid-soluble substances DO pass easily (CO2, oxygen) Presence of cholesterol decrease the permeability of the cell because they are too thick, and act like a plug.

What characteristics are exhibited by the mitochondria that are different from other organelles?

1. ability to divide 2. have their own DNA 3. make their own proteins

What % of the body is fats?

16%

What % of the body is proteins?

16%

How many proteins are there?

20 total (9 are ESSENTIAL)

What % of the body is water?

64%

How many cells are in the adult human body?

70 trillion

What % of the body is carbohydrates?

<1%

Cellular respiration equation

ATP <--> ADP + PO4 + Energy

tRNA (transfer RNA)

CARRIER; picks up amino acids (has anti-codon that determines which amino acid to get)

General protein synthesis equation

DNA ->->->->->mRNA->->->Protein (^Transcription^) (^Translation^)

What is important about the shape of the cell?

Determines the function

steps of cellular respiration

Glycolysis (2 ATP) -> Kreb's Cycle (1 ATP) -> ETC (33 ATP) = 33 Net ATP

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Instruction Book; copies code off DNA and carries it to ribosomes

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Messenger; type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

What four main parts do all cells share?

Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Inclusions

What is the makeup of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Lysosomes

RECYCLE CENTER; contains enzymes that dismantle debris (carbs, proteins, lipids, bacteria, nucleic acid, etc); only function in acidic conditions so they do not destroy other healthy cells

Example of homeostasis in cells

When the cell is isotonic (internal and external environments are equal)

Nucleotides

a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base (A, T, C, or G)

Signal transduction

allows cells to receive and respond to incoming messages (chemical form); CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

How many different types of cells are there?

at least 260

Peroxisomes

catalyze metabolic reactions to release H2O2, and then use the enzymes (peroxidases) to destroy the H2O2; contain many enzymes for many biochemical rxns (breakdown large lipid chains, rare biochemicals, detoxify from alcohols, etc)

Functions of Golgi Complex

chemically modify proteins as they pass from sac to sac, then package them in transport vesicles that travel to the cell membrane and release their contents to the ECF

inclusions

chemicals found temporarily in cytoplasm; stored nutrients like glycogen and lipids; pigments like melanin

Nucleolus

condensed central part of nucleus; composed of proteins and RNA; no membrane; assembles ribosomes

Rough ER

contains ribosomes in the surface to HELP with protein synthesis

Nucleus

contains the genetic material of a cell; made up of nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin, and chromosomes

What is the cell membrane function?

controls the entrance and exit of substances

Metabolism

describes every single biochemical reaction going on in the body

Nuclear membrane

double-layered with large pores; has channels with 100 different protein channels

cytosol

fluid suspending organelles and dissolving solutes; 75-90% water plus solid components like proteins, carbs, lipids, and inorganic substances; viscous and transparent; contains the cytoskeleton

What does DNA contain?

genes; codes for making proteins

Mitochondria

has double-layer membrane that form folds called CRISTAE (increases the surface are for chemical rxns to occur); filled with an enzyme-solution fluid called the MATRIX; release energy form the glucose and organic nutrients forming ATP

cellular adhesion molecules

important as cells aggregate to form tissues, and mark the cells of an individual as "self"

cytoplasm

intracellular fluid environment containing cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Minerals

ions and vitamins

Anabolism

larger molecules are contructed form smaller ones; requires energy input; required for cellular growth and repair

Catabolism

larger molecules broken down into smaller ones; releases energy; ex. Hydrolysis

Centrosomes/Centrioles

located near nucleus of animal cells'had two hollow cylinders called CENTRIOLES that help form the fibers that control chromosomal movement during cell division; also help form cilia and flagella

fats

long carbon chains called "fatty acids"; used as energy storage, making structures, steroids

carbohydrates

long units of simple sugars (glucose); ring structured, major source of ATP

Flagella

long, whip-like tail found on a cell; only found in humans on SPERM CELLS

chromatin

loosely coiled fibers (DNA molecules wrapped around histones)

Proteins

made up of amino acids linked with peptide bonds; bring nitrogen into the body; make up many of the structures/chemicals of the body; most complex

Endoplasmic reticulums

membrane-bound, flattened sacs, elongated canals, fluid-filled vesicles; interconnected and communicate with the cell membrane and other organelles; provide a tubular transport system for molecules throughout the cell

What unit are cells measured in?

micrometers (10^-6)

nutrients

molecules that your body continuously breaks down, rebuilds, and breaks apart again

Microtubules

more rigid; add structure to the cell; move organelles and structures within the cell; like ROLLERCOASTER TRACKS

Essential

must be ingested

Smooth ER

no ribosomes; helps lipid synthesis, fat absorption in the GI tract, etc.

organelles

parts of a cell with specific functions

Enzymes

protein controlling the rate of reactions

Integral Proteins

proteins extending from the ECF to the ICF; provide routes in and out of cells for smaller molecules and ions; provide pores for water molecules to enter; DOORWAYS

Peripheral Proteins

proteins that do not extend all the way through the membrane, but remain at the surface; many are enzymes that take part in signal transduction pathways; act as cellular adhesion molecules

cellular respiration

releases energy from molecules and makes it availble for cellular use

Cilia

small, hair-like projections from the surface of a cell; move particles and help cells anchor in place; maintain a "rowing" pattern; typically found on epithelial cells

Microfiliments

smaller than tubules; cause various types of movement

Golgi Complex

stack of 6+ membranes called CISTERNAE; refines, packages, and delivers proteins synthesized by the rough ER

What is the Cell membrane?

surface membrane that separates the external environment (ECF) from the internal environment (ICF)

Cell Membrane

surface membrane that seperates the external environment from the interman

Chromosomes

thickened rods of chromatin; 1 chromosome= 2 chromatids

Microtubules and Microfilaments

threadlike structures found forming the cytoskeleton

Ribosomes

tiny, spherical structures composed of proteins and RNA; assemble amino acids to form protein chains; found scattered throughout the cytoplasm and the rough ER

Water

used to make ATP for cells; without it, cells cannot make energy, and thus cannot survive

Phospholipid tails chemical makeup

water-insoluble, nonpolar fatty acid chains that form the interior on the membrane (hydrophobic)

Phospholipid heads chemical makeup

water-soluble, polar phosphate groups that form the outer surface (hydrophillic)