Chapter 3: Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing
These 3 knighthood orders provided nursing care for injured soldiers in the Crusades and were responsible for building many great hospitals that set the standard for hospitals across Europe.
1. Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem 2. Teutonic Knights 3. The Knights of Lazarus
International Council of Nurses (ICN)
Formed in 1899 as the world's first and widest international organization for health professionals . Their goal is to bring nurses together worldwide and advance the nursing practice
Historical leaders in nursing fell into one of these 3 categories
1. Founders 2. Risk takers 3. Social reformers
In 1915 the American Nurses Association drafted a model nurse practice act. By 1923 all states had passed laws to regulate....
Licensure or registration
Parabolani Brotherhood
Organization of men in 3rd century Rome who provided care to the sick and dying during the plague in Alexandria, Egypt
Louisa Mary Alcott
Provided nursing service during the Civil War, wrote Little Women
Isabel Stuart
Set a standard curriculum for nursing and was the director of the Vassar Training Camp
Role of nursing risk takers
Take personal risk to uphold the values of nursing. Risked loss of status, danger to family and friends, and even death
Where did the term nurse derive from?
The care mothers gave to infants
How did Germany expand the role of nurses in Europe?
Through the development of the Deaconess Institute, a training school for nursing, at Kaiserswerth, Germany (1836)
Why did nursing have little acceptance and prestige in the early 19th century?
-Nursing was a domestic duty performed by servants, prisoners, prostitutes, or people in religious orders -The role of a "proper" woman was to maintain a gracious and elegant home for her family -Florence Nightingale and the nurses she trained changed the status of nursing to a respectable occupation
Wait Whitman (1819-1892)
-A poet and writer who served as a volunteer hospital nurse in Washington DC during the Civil War -Recorded his experiences in his works Drumtaps, Specimen Days, and Collect
U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps
-A training program for nurses funded by federal funds under the Bolton Act of 1943 during WWII -This act forbade discrimination on the basis of race and martial status, required minimum education standards, and forced nursing schools to review and revise their curricula
Mary Eliza Mahoney (1845-1926) (founder)
-America's first African American professional nurse receiving her certification in 1879 -founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) in 1908
James Derham (1762-1802)
-An African American who worked as a nurse in New Orleans in 1793 -Brought his own freedom -Became the first African American physician in the United States
Hotel Dieu of Paris
-Considered one of the best hospitals during Middle Ages but, two persons shared a bed and draperies were never washed and infections spread -In 1639 the Augustinian Sisters established the first one in Quebec City -Came to New Orleans in 1859 and was operated under the Daughters of Charity, become University Hospital
Code of Hammurabi 1900 B.C.
-Earliest code of law governing medicine -recorded sanitation, public health, and surgical regulations -differentiated between human and veterinary medicine -contained a table of operation fees, and penalties for code violations
Linda Richards (1841-1930)
-First trained nurse in the United States -studied nursing with Florence Nightingale -organized the first nurse training school in Japan
Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.)
-From ancient Egypt -oldest medical text in the world -describes many diseases known today -lists 700+ substances that were used in drugs
Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI)
-International honor society of nursing founded in 1922 -Their mission is to support the learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses committed to make a difference in heath worldwide -Their official publication is Journal of Nursing Scholarship
Nei Ching (Canon of Medicine
-ancient Chinese text -lists 5 steps of examination and 5 methods of treatment
Pen Tsao (2799 B.C.)
-ancient Chinese text -lists effects of 365 herbal remedies
Mosaic Health Code
-ancient Hebrew code -first sanitary legislation -differentiated between clean and unclean
National League for Nursing (NLN)
-began in 1893 as part of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses -The mission is to promote excellence in nursing education -Provides professional development for nursing faculty and provides services and products to support nursing education -The National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) is affiliated with NLC and accredits schools of nursing nationally
National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
-established in 1952 for associate, baccalaureate, diploma, and generic graduate nursing programs -The mission is to mentor students for initial licensure as RNs and to convey the standards, ethics, and skills that nurses will need as responsible and accountable leaders and members of the profession
Mary Breckinridge (1881-1965) (founder)
-established the Frontier Nursing Service in 1925 to provide health care to people in rural Kentucky -started one of the first nurse midwifery training schools in the United States
Lavinia Dock (1858-1956) (social reformer)
-feminist, writer, activist, and nurse at Johns Hopkins -she protested nurses rather than physicians to control the nursing professor -Founded the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States and Canada with Mary Adelaide Nutting and Isabel Hampton Robb in 1893 -This become the National League for Nurses (NLN)
American Nurses Association (ANA)
-founded in 1896 and represents all RNs in the USA -The official journal is the American Journal of Nursing (1900) -The purpose is to foster high standards of practice, promote nursing rights in the workplace, and lobby Congress and regulatory agencies on health care issues -Affiliated groups are American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), American Nurses Foundation (ANF), American Academy of Nursing (AAN)
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) (founder)
-founder of modern nursing and first nurse researcher and first nurse scientist/theorist -termed "The Lady with the Lamp" during her work in the Crimean War -wrote "Notes on Nursing, What It Is, and What It Is Not" -first nurse to pressure the government to improve health conditions
Lillian Wald (1867-1940) (founder)
-founder of public health nursing -she and Mary Brewster were the first to offer trained nursing services to the poor in New York City -Their place of service was called the Henry Street Settlement and the Visiting Nursing Service
Clara Barton (1821-1912) (founder)
-nursed in federal hospitals during the Civil War -served with the international Red Cross in Europe -founded the American Red Cross in 1882
How did WWII impact nursing?
-nurses served at the war front in field hospitals, on hospital ships, and in air ambulances -the need for nurses influenced more nursing education and training programs
What was nursing like in the Middle Ages (A.D. 500-1500)?
-religious, military, and secular orders were formed for the purpose of caring for the sick -The Augustinian Sisters was the first purely Nursing order
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
-superintendent of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps during the Civil War -she would only accept women who were over 30 and plain looking -recruited 2,000 women to care for the armed forces
During World War 1 these 3 women developed an alternative hybrid training program for nursing combining university and hospital training. This program was called the Vassar Training Camp and prevented admission and graduation standards for nursing from being lowered while 23,000 nurses were serving overseas.
1. M. Adelaide Nutting 2. Annie Goodrich 3. Lillian Wald
3 types of nursing organizations
1. Organizations that represent all nurses 2. Organizations that meet the needs of nurses within specific nursing specialties 3. Organizations that represent special interests
Sisters of Charity
An order founded in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul in France to care for the sick
Most famous contribution of Florence Nightingale?
Decreasing the death rate from 43% to 2% over the course of six months during the Crimean War through her sanitation methods
In ancient civilizations, what did people believe about causes of disease?
Disease was the result of superstition and magic, treatment required magical cures by a priest or witch doctor
Role of nursing founders
Establish schools of nursing, hospitals, and organizations to promote the good health of the public
Most famous pupil of the Deaconess Institute at Kaiserswerth, Germany
Florence Nightingale
How did Emperor Charlemagne contribute to nursing?
He restored many hospitals which increased the demand for nurses
Role of nursing social reformers
Improve conditions for the poor, sick, abandoned, or hopeless
When was the world's first nursing school founded?
In 250 B.C. In India. All the nurses were male because only men were considered pure enough to become nurses
Smith Papyri (1600 B.C.)
contains information about surgery in ancient Egypt
