Chapter 3 Human Development Quiz

Which of the following is considered a medical risk predating pregnancy? married the number of previous pregnancies being 1 onset of menstruation diseases such as diabetes and chronic hypertension

diseases such as diabetes and chronic hypertension

The infant mortality rate of the United States is _______ the infant mortality rate of Japan. lower than double the same as half of

double

A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy, but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times, is demonstrating what type of learning? operant conditioning habituation modeling classical conditioning

habituation

What do mothers and fathers report when asked why they think the Lamaze method of childbirth works? allows childbirth without medication is safer for the newborn provides mastery and a sense of control saves money from going to the hospital

provides mastery and a sense of control

By age six, approximately ____ of preterm infants have mild problems, such as learning disabilities or behavior disorders. 25% 75% 50% 38%

38%

The point at which an infant can survive prematurely is about 22 weeks/4 months earlier than the term of a normal delivery. True False

True

Which childbirth method is known as "husband-coached childbirth"? Bradley Lamaze Apgar hypnobirthing

Bradley

During childbirth, the obstetrician decides that there is a need for an episiotomy. That means the doctor decides the mother requires a Cesarean section procedure. the doctor makes an incision to enlarge the size of the vaginal opening. this is a necessary step in the Bradley method. this is the third stage of childbirth when the placenta and the umbilical cord are expelled from the mother.

the doctor makes an incision to enlarge the size of the vaginal opening.

Preterm infants are at a high risk of illness and death because they have a chromosomal disorder. they have not had time to fully develop. they usually have to be born by Cesarean section. their mothers have used anesthesia during childbirth.

they have not had time to fully develop.

Approximately ___% of Caucasian American women and approximately ____% of African American women receive no prenatal care early in their pregnancies. 50; 75 10; 50 30; 50 20; 40

20; 40

The birth of a baby usually occurs _____ days after conception. 500 365 250 266

266

The American College of Medical Genetics recommends that all newborns be screened for ___ disorders ranging from hearing difficulties to extremely rare conditions. 50 40 100 29

29

In the United States in the 1970s, the average hospital stay for a normal birth was _____ days. 2.0 5.0 3.9 4.5

3.9

The average financial costs of medical care for a very-low-birthweight infant during the first three years of life may be between ______ and ______ times higher than medical costs for a full-term child. 10; 50 3; 50 50; 75 50; 100

3; 50

What percentage of preterm and low-birthweight births is unexplained with regard to cause? 100% 75% 35% 50%

50%

In parts of the world other than the United States, midwives help deliver about _______ of babies, often in the ________. 50%; hospice 80%; home 40%; hospital 75%; home

80%; home

Which childbirth method is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible and involve no medication or medical intervention; therefore, parents are urged to take responsibility for childbirth, and the use of physicians is viewed as unnecessary and sometimes dangerous? Lamaze natural hypnobirthing Bradley

Bradley

Which childbirth method is quite controversial because it discourages the use of traditional medical interventions? hypnobirthing Lamaze Bradley natural

Bradley

An infant who is born prior to 30 weeks is considered a low-birthweight infant. True False

False

Because of the difficulties they experience at birth, regardless of what kind of special care preterm infants receive, they never develop normally in the long run. True False

False

Infant mortality has been generally increasing since the 1960s. True False

False

Once a very-low-birthweight child reaches his/her first year of age, the medical care costs for that child decrease drastically. True False

False

People of lower-income groups have as much access to Lamaze training as other socioeconomic groups. True False

False

Postpartum depression affects the mother but does not affect the infant. True False

False

Research indicates that babies born to mothers who received anesthetics during childbirth cry less than babies whose mothers do not receive anesthesia. True False

False

Small-for-gestational-age babies are also always considered preterm. True False

False

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Congress disagree about mandating a minimum insurance coverage of 48 hours for hospitalization for childbirth. True False

False

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggests that a women's request for pain relief during childbirth shall be honored only as a last resort following the failure of other forms of childbirth techniques. True False

False

The exact number of tests performed on a newborn is the same from state to state in the United States. True False

False

The final determination whether or not newborns are born with the capability to imitate facial expressions has been made, and the result is unequivocally that newborns can. True False

False

The infant mortality rate in the United States is two times lower than Japan. True False

False

When the protein called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) reaches a high enough concentration, the mother's uterus begins periodic contractions. True False

False

Wives of older fathers are more likely to have preterm deliveries. True False

False

What is the birthing technique that uses breathing techniques and relaxation, involves a coach, and provides training that allows women to cope with painful contractions by concentrating on their breathing to produce a relaxation response rather than tensing up, which can make pain more acute? hypnobirthing Apgar Bradley Lamaze

Lamaze

One of the earliest examples of classical conditioning was demonstrated in the case of an 11-month-old infant, named ___________, whose learned fear of rats generalized to include rabbits and other furry items. Little Albert Little Sammy Little Jimmie Little Randy

Little Albert

Because the increase of Cesarean deliveries is related to the use of fetal monitors, medical authorities now recommend that fetal monitors not be routinely used. True False

True

Ethical debates have ensued because the astronomical costs of medical care for a very-low-birthweight child cannot guarantee that the child has a better than 50% chance of survival. True False

True

Even without full visual acuity, newborns actively pay attention to certain types of information. True False

True

Immediately after birth, the birthing attendants examine the neonate using the Apgar measurement system. True False

True

In the second stage of labor, the baby moves through the cervix and birth canal and leaves the mother's body. True False

True

More than 10% of all babies are born early. True False

True

Most research suggests that the drugs that are currently used during labor produce only minimal risks to the fetus and neonate. True False

True

Which of the following may cause preterm births? the mother's second pregnancy a father's age genetic abnormalities a mother working during pregnancy

a father's age

Other than a physician/obstetrician who is licensed, what other person involved in childbirth requires an additional year or two of training and certification? a doula a midwife a birthing coach a hypnotist

a midwife

Which of the following would be considered a concern for six-year-old preterm children compared to children born full term? depression disorders a need for special education malnourishment further hospitalization(s)

a need for special education

Which factor can classify an infant as meeting the criteria of very low birthweight? an infant who loses weight and remains for an extended stay in the hospital an infant who was in the womb for less than 30 weeks an infant who weighs 90% or less of a normal infant's weight an infant born prior to 38 weeks after conception

an infant who was in the womb for less than 30 weeks

When the newborn's behavior meshes with the parental behavior, this helps the ________ to grow. baby's brain baby's imitative skills baby's social relationship skills baby's dependency

baby's social relationship skills

A baby is considered a small-for-gestational-age infant if the baby weighs less than 1,250 grams. the baby was born 38 weeks after conception. because of fetal growth, the baby weighs 90% (or less) of the average weight of other infants the same gestational age. the baby weighs less than 2,500 grams.

because of fetal growth, the baby weighs 90% (or less) of the average weight of other infants the same gestational age.

Newborns can distinguish different colors, and they seem to prefer yellow and blue. blue and green. pink and blue. red and black.

blue and green.

If a baby is being born feet first, this is called breech position. stillborn. transverse position. Cesarean section.

breech position.

Keeping a neonate in the hospital to gain weight is important to help the baby build fat layers to prevent chilling. fight infection. learn to breast feed. recover from being malnourished.

build fat layers to prevent chilling.

What is the stress-related hormone that newborns need in their bloodstream to avoid, for example, breathing problems? estrogen progesterone catecholamines testosterone

catecholamines

A hungry baby who stops crying when his mother picks him up because he has learned to associate being picked up with being fed demonstrates what type of learning? classical conditioning modeling habituation operant conditioning

classical conditioning

The type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called operant conditioning. modeling. habituation. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning.

Mary's baby was born at 28 weeks, and now part of her medical care includes massage several times a day. Which of the following is a benefit of the massage? decreased appetite increased respiratory distress syndrome muscle atrophy coping with stress

coping with stress

Neonates are born with a variety of reflexes including all but which of the following? sucking swallowing elimination rooting

elimination

What type of medication(s) produces numbness from the waist down? transient epidural walking epidural morphine epidural anesthesia

epidural anesthesia

The use of _______ has contributed to a sharp increase in ______. fetal monitoring; Cesarean deliveries Cesarean deliveries; infant mortality Cesarean deliveries; fetal monitoring fetal monitoring; postmature infants

fetal monitoring; Cesarean deliveries

What is considered the most primitive form of learning? operant conditioning classical conditioning modeling habituation

habituation

Which of the following is considered a behavioral and environmental risk related to pregnancy? high altitude multiple pregnancy low weight for height fetal anomalies

high altitude

When a premature infant with a low birthweight is placed in an incubator, oxygen is carefully monitored because too _____ of a concentration of oxygen _____. low; can damage the baby's retinas, leading to permanent blindness high; can prove to be fatal for the baby high; can damage the baby's retinas, leading to permanent blindness low; can prove to be fatal for the baby

high; can damage the baby's retinas, leading to permanent blindness

The rate of infant mortality in the United States is ________ many other countries. lower than not compared to the same as higher than

higher than

Which of the following is considered a medical risk during pregnancy? being unmarried low level of education hypertension/preeclampsia/toxemia extraordinary growth of the fetus

hypertension/preeclampsia/toxemia

Which childbirth method involves a form of self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm that also reduces pain? natural Bradley hypnobirthing Lamaze

hypnobirthing

What is the term that relates to the death of a child within the first year of life? very low birthweight stillbirth fetal distress infant mortality

infant mortality

Meredith's baby is two weeks overdue. What is a potential hazard that the baby can experience because it is postmature? death or being stillborn insufficient blood supply from the placenta to the baby's brain, leading to potential brain damage lifelong obesity broken limbs during birth

insufficient blood supply from the placenta to the baby's brain, leading to potential brain damage

Because of the rise in Cesarean births in the United States, medical authorities currently recommend _____ use of fetal monitors. more no less the same

less

In the last few decades, more mothers have chosen to use a( n ) ________ as the childbirth attendant who stays with her throughout labor and delivery. gynecologist ophthalmologist obstetrician midwife

midwife

Which of the following is a risk involved with a Cesarean delivery? mother's recovery can be lengthy Cesarean birth increases the levels of stress-related hormones into the newborn's bloodstream increases the risk of post-delivery preeclampsia mother has higher risk of uterine cancer

mother's recovery can be lengthy

What is the correct term for a baby that is newborn? fetus infant neonate embryo

neonate

Which type of physician specializes in delivering babies? gynecologist obstetrician pediatrician doula

obstetrician

The brain of an average newborn is about _______ the size of what it will be in adulthood. one-third one-tenth one-half one-fourth

one-fourth

An infant who learns that smiling at his or her parents brings positive attention, and therefore begins to smile more often, is demonstrating what type of learning? habituation modeling operant conditioning classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Elaine is reading a fairy tale to her newborn baby as she feeds the baby its bottle. Although the milk in the bottle is gone, the baby continues to suck on the nipple as the mother continues to read the baby the story. This is an example of what type of conditioning? classical conditioning modeling operant conditioning habituation

operant conditioning

In what type of conditioning do infants learn to act deliberately on their environments to bring about a desired consequence? habituation classical conditioning operant conditioning modeling

operant conditioning

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is called habituation. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. modeling.

operant conditioning.

All of the following reflect the visual skills of a newborn EXCEPT close attention to objects that sharply contrast the rest of their environment. perfect visual acuity. sense of size constancy. awareness of different levels of brightness.

perfect visual acuity.

Corleta's newborn has died. While obviously suffering from depression, she may also develop which of the following disorders? dysthymia cyclothymia post-traumatic stress disorder bipolar disorder

post-traumatic stress disorder

Melissa is two weeks past her due date, but her baby has not yet been born. Melissa's baby is in fetal distress. premature. postmature. a stillbirth.

postmature

What is the term for a period of deep depression following the birth of a child that affects approximately 10% of all new mothers for months or even years? infant mortality postpartum depression crib death stillborn

postpartum depression

A neonate enters the world with unlearned, organized, and involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of stimuli; these responses are called reflexes. crying. elimination. breathing.

reflexes

Martha is holding her new baby while she enjoys a bite of peppermint candy. She notices that when the candy comes close to the baby's face, the baby becomes more physically and facially active. What sense has the peppermint activated? sense of vision sense of hearing sense of touch sense of taste and smell

sense of taste and smell

Other countries do significantly better than the U.S. in preventing infant mortality by providing which of the services listed below? social programs for up to five years of paid leave for fathers and co-parents social programs of paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers social programs for birth control social programs for better nutrition for pregnant mothers

social programs of paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers

What is the term for a delivery of a child who is not alive? breech birth stillbirth postmature delivery Cesarean

stillbirth

If a newborn baby hears a tape recording of his/her own crying, the baby is likely to show a startle response/reaction. stop crying because the baby recognizes a familiar sound. fall asleep. cry even louder and longer.

stop crying because the baby recognizes a familiar sound.

During the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions increase to their greatest intensity; this is known as Braxton-Hicks. transition. birth. episiotomy.

transition

The percentage of low-birthweight infants born to African American mothers is ______ times that for Caucasian American mothers. three five two ten

two

Alisha was born earlier than 25 weeks, and as such would be classified as very premature. low birthweight. very low birthweight. small for gestation.

very low birthweight.

Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks are called very low birthweight. preterm. small for gestational age. low birthweight.

very low birthweight.