Chapter 3

cake

. If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?

simplicity

. In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

oblique effect

. People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

parietal lobe

. The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe.

conscious

Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?

angled orientation

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Thinking

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?

the whole is different from the sum of its parts

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?

recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

involves rapid processes

Which of the following is true about perception?

dorsal,where,action

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?

shopping mall

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

interpret it

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?

similarity

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

good continuation

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

speech segmentation

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

likelihood principle

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Evidence of top-down processing

when someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Beliefs

A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence

memories, problem-solving, knowledge

Perception is essential for

solving problems, communication, answering questions

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills:

meaning between properties of an object

Semantic regularity refers to the _____.

top-down processing

. Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

perpetual organization

. The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of

source of information

. What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?

perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

. Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?

object discrimination problem

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

scene schema

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

top-down processing

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____

scene schema

Knowledge of what a scene typically contains

top-down processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

viewpoint invariance

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?

perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.

semantic regularities

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes

anticipatory

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.

physical regularity

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.

Pragnanz

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

what, where

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

experience-dependent plasticity

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

likelihood principle

The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following?

bottom-up processing

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of

inverse projection problem

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

meaning of a scene

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

likelihood principle

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

Invariance

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

speech segmentation

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English

when environmental energy stimulates the receptors

When does bottom-up processing start?

unconscious inference

When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment