Chapter 3 Mastering Bio
A
Amino group?
monomer; polymer
An individual subunit is called a ________ and many repeating subunits make up a ________.
monosaccharides
Animals store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate made up of thousands of _.
structural
Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein.
receptor
Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein.
fourth
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.
hydrophobic
Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are _.
B (phosphate group)
Major role in energy transfer
nucleotide
Nucleic acid polymers are made up of _ monomers.
nucleotides
Nucleic acids are polymers of _.
hydrogen bonds
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
nucleotide
A(n) _ is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA.
amino acid
A(n) _ is a building block of polypeptides, such as the protein hemoglobin.
monosaccharide
A(n) _ is a building block of polysaccharides such as starch.
polypeptide
A(n) _ is a polymer of amino acids.
polysaccharide
A(n) _ is a polymer of monosaccharides.
polynucleotide
A(n) _ is a polymer of nucleotides.
primary,secondary,tertiary,quaternary
Identify the level(s) of protein structure present in this molecule.
75, 100 nucleotide pairs are a total of 200 nucleotides. Because of base pairing, if there are 25 adenine there must also be 25 thymine. This leaves 200-50 = 150 nucleotides to be divided evenly between guanine and cytosine.
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
3'-TAAACG-5', Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
glycerol; water
In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________.
hydroxyl; carboxyl
In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups.
amino acids
Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of _.
the most double bonds.
The most unsaturated fats have ...
nucleotides
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many _.
rich in energy.,insoluble in water.
The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be ...
amino acids
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.
hydrolysis
A _ reaction breaks down polymers into monomers.
dehydration
A _ reaction builds polymers from monomers.
glycerol
A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: _ and fatty acids.
carboxyl group
A fatty acid consists of a _ and a long hydrocarbon chain.
made the fat less fluid.
A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment ...
as a component of animal cell membranes
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of _; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
gene
A page is to a book as a ___________ is to the genome.
sugar-phosphate
A polynucleotide has a repeating _ backbone.
second
A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets form their shapes at the _____ level of protein structure.
nucleotide
A sugar, a phosphate, and a base are the components of a __________.
more
At the end of the reaction, you would expect _ free water molecules compared to the beginning.target 3 of 4
fewer
At the end of the reaction, you would expect _ monomer molecules compared to the beginning.
more
At the end of the reaction, you would expect _ polymer molecules compared to the beginning.
more
At the end of the reaction, you would expect each individual polymer molecule to have _ bonds compared to the beginning.
F (donating hydrogen ions, carboxyl)
Behaves as an acid
simple sugar
Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _ monomers.target 2 of 3
C (carbonyl group)
Characteristic of Ketone
E (sulfhydryl group)
Characteristic of Thiols
a polysaccharide found in animals
Glycogen is _____.
double helix
DNA has the appearance of a _____.
nucleotides
DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.
immune
Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.
Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?
two
How many polynucleotides are found in one molecule of DNA?
Hydrolysis reactions are breaking the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules.Water is required for the reactions that break the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules.
Once you eat a cookie, enzymes in your digestive tract begin to break down the cookie into smaller molecules. Which two statements are true regarding this process?
B
Phosphate Group
may store hereditary information.may store energy.may protect cells.
Polymers that contain sugars ...
amino acid
Protein polymers are made up of _ monomers.
amino acids
Proteins are polymers of _____.
polynucleotide
RNA usually consists of a single _strand.
peptide bonds
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
glycerol.
The highlighted part of this molecule is derived from ...
saturated fatty acids
The hydrocarbon chains of _ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.
nitrogenous base
The monomers of nucleic acids consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a _.
double helix
The structure of DNA is a _, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine.
hydrogen bonds
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
saturated fat
This figure is an example of a(n) _____.
C atoms in the tails.,double bonds in the tails.
Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of ...
Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.Water is removed during dehydration synthesis, when monomers are joined together, forming a polymer.Water is added during hydrolysis, when a polymer is broken down into monomers.
Water molecules are involved in building and breaking down large polymers. Which statements correctly describe water in these processes?
shape
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.
Cellulose
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
The new amino acid would not form the same interactions with hydrophobic R groups, and the protein's shape would likely be affected.
What could happen if a mutation in a gene caused a hydrophobic amino acid in a polypeptide to be replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid?
They contain carbonyl groups.
What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?
Low solubility in water.
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
dehydration
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
hydrolysis
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
peptide
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
A (The electronegativity of nitrogen means that amino groups tend to pick up hydrogen ions)
Which behaves as a base
D (hydroxyl)
Which has the characteristics of alcohol
DNA molecules are replicated in a cell by building new DNA molecules from nucleotides.
Which of the following is an example of a dehydration reaction?
genome
Which of the following is the largest unit of DNA organization?
sugar and phosphate
Which of the following make up the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?
The primary structure of a protein is the order of amino acids in a polypeptide, as coded for in the DNA of a gene.
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of proteins?
ovalbumin
Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are characteristic of a protein's secondary structure.
Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein?
RNA
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
Which of these is a phospholipid?
cellulose
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
milk
Which of these is a source of lactose?
olive oil
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
Phospholipids
are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.
Steroids
are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings. Many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.
C
carbonyl group
F
carboxyl group
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
Unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.
D
hydroxyl group
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building proteins.
amino acids
yoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of _.