Chapter 3: Prejudice and Discrimination

A sociological understanding of social norms stresses that __________. A) by learning and automatically accepting the prevailing prejudices, an individual is simply conforming to social norms B) no relationship exists between degree of conformity and degree of prejudice C) people's prejudices do not change even when they move into area where the prejudicial norm is different D) bias persists because there is no statistical data and knowledge about such bias

A) By learning and automatically accepting the prevailing prejudices, an individual is simply conforming to social norms

Statements such as "African Americans are good musicians" and "Asians are good engineers" support the fact that stereotypes __________ A) can sometimes be positive B) are very rigid C) do not distort reality D) are always true

A) Can sometimes be positive

An excellent example of economic competition breeding conflict is that of the __________. A) Chinese B) Quakers C) Mormons D) Norwegians

A) Chinese

__________ is a type of ethnophaulism. A) Disparaging nicknames B) Caricatured mascots C) Immigration quotas D) The KKK

A) Disparaging nicknames

Affirmative action originated with an executive order by President __________. A) Franklin D. Roosevelt B) John F. Kennedy C) Richard M. Nixon D) Ronald Reagan

A) Franklin D. Roosevelt

The authoritarian personality theory developed by Adorno __________. A) has an F scale that stands for potential fascism, and an E scale stands for ethnocentrism B) focuses on a tolerant personality which is characterized by rigidity of view point and dislike for ambiguity C) maintains that personality type is not relevant to prejudice D) points to the importance of economic resources and competition in developing prejudice

A) Has an F scale that stands for potential fascism, and an E scale stands for ethnocentrism

Frustration-aggression theory __________. A) highlights the role of culture B) ignores actual social conflict C) demonstrates a causal relationship between unmet goals and aggressive behavior D) fails to address social psychological perspectives

A) Highlights the role of culture

When __________ it is an example of prejudice. A) Mr. X says "My mind is made up. Don't confuse me with facts." B) Ms. Y says "I don't really care about minorities at all." C) Mr. Z says "Christians are statistically more likely to be involved in hate crimes." D) Ms. Z says "Whites don't give to charity at a rate consistent with their population numbers."

A) Mr. X says "My mind is made up. Don't confuse me with facts."

With respect to parenting style, authoritarian personality theory reports __________. A) a correlation between early childhood experiences and the development of a prejudiced personality B) that when children with domineering parents become adults, they demonstrate hatred toward their family C) that children with domineering parents may direct their hostility against a powerful group D) no correlation between early childhood experiences and the development of prejudice

A) a correlation between early childhood experiences and the development of a prejudiced personality

Prejudice is __________. A) caused by a variety of factors B) an abnormal human attribute C) not often associated with discrimination D) rarely based upon economic factors

A) caused by a variety of factors

One function of telling an ethnic joke is __________. A) challenging stereotypes B) a normalizing phenomenon C) development of a sense of respect for all people D) appealing to common sense

A) challenging stereotypes

In advertising and music, __________. A) characters enjoy more prominence and exercise more authority if they are white males B) the status of women is very high C) images of Hispanics are healthy and affirming D) white males have very little visibility

A) characters enjoy more prominence and exercise more authority if they are white males

When talking with his friends, Jimmy states that "Jews are intrusive and acquisitive." Jimmy's statements are an example of __________. A) cognitive prejudice B) pluralism C) multiculturalism D) discrimination

A) cognitive prejudice

Most Americans seem willing to support affirmative action based on __________. A) economic class B) race C) gender D) religion

A) economic class

According to Allport, __________ can lead to a group becoming a scapegoat. A) highly visible physical appearance or observable customs and actions B) physical strength C) adherence to dominant norms D) a high mortality rate

A) highly visible physical appearance or observable customs and actions

According to economic-competition theory, __________. A) in times of high unemployment, nativist movements against minorities have flourished B) antiforeigner movements always peak during periods of prosperity C) many working class and middle class whites feel threatened by Asians entering their socioeconomic group D) authoritarian parents can lead to prejudiced attitudes in adulthood

A) in times of high unemployment, nativist movements against minorities have flourished

Stereotypes involve __________. A) overly simplified generalizations B) an emphasis on continuity with societal norms C) recognizing individual differences D) accurate reflections of reality

A) overly simplified generalizations

George is trying to understand prejudice. His professor tells him to consider that __________. A) prejudice may be the result of frustration B) prejudice exists on seven distinct levels C) prejudice can only be negative D) prejudice does not really exist anymore

A) prejudice may be the result of frustration

Inconsistency in education reducing prejudice results from __________. A) selective perception of information B) the typical similarity between classroom and real-life situations C) inadequate information for teaching about intergroup relations D) teachers who are well trained but have bad intentions

A) selective perception information

__________ is a key focus of the sociological approach to studying prejudice. A) Self-justification B) Socialization C) Religious belief D) Mental capacity

A) self-justification

An ethnic group member might tell an ethnic joke about themselves to an outgroup member in order to __________. A) undermine the stereotype by ridiculing it B) dissociate oneself from stereotypes of one's group C) maintain the imbalance of power D) reaffirm negative self-image

A) undermine the stereotype by ridiculing it

Which of the following is an example of self-justification. A) The Crusaders assimilating Jews and Muslims as defenders of the "true faith." B) Puritans burning witches, whose refusal to confess "proved they were evil." C) Pioneers befriending Native Americans who were "heathen savages." D) Europeans trading Africans as slaves.

B) Puritans burning witches, whose refusal to confess "proved they were evil."

Talcott Parsons provided one bridge between psychology and sociology by introducing what concept as a variable in frustration-aggression theory? A) norms B) social forces C) conflict D) aggression

B) Social Forces

Malik thinks that if we truly want to have racial equality at some point in this country, we need to have institutions which are racially diverse in order to give all races an equal chance. He would support __________ programs. A) racial profiling B) affirmative action C) ethnocentric D) afrocentric

B) affirmative action

Harry meets the criteria for Adorno's authoritarian personality; therefore, he probably __________. A) was the recipient of a loving and permissive upbringing B) demonstrates displaced aggression C) is highly educated D) is intolerant of authority figures

B) demonstrates displaced agression

Stereotypes __________. A) are predominantly true B) deny individuals the right to be judged and treated on the basis of their own personal merit C) are always hurtful and negative D) have no relation to action

B) deny individuals the right to be judged and treated on the basis of their own personal merit

Jennifer believes in racial equality, but she does not do much to actively support efforts aimed at racial equality and she still makes decisions that negatively impact minorities. She is a(n) __________. A) all-weather liberal B) fair-weather liberal C) timid bigot D) active bigot

B) fair-weather liberal

Talcott Parsons developed a concept that linked the psychological and sociological aspects of frustration-aggression called __________. A) prejudice B) free floating C) permanent anger D) cultural irritation

B) free floating

Ethnophaulism involves __________. A) denigration of in-groups B) justification of discrimination C) humorous expression of friendship D) balancing ethnic differences

B) justification of discrimination

Prejudice __________. A) is an attitude with a religious bias B) originally meant "prejudgment" C) often arose even before groups came into contact D) is rare in modern times

B) originally meant prejudgment

In prime-time ads, __________. A) Asians appear in ads for upscale beauty or home products B) people of color appear in ads for low-cost, low-nutrition products C) there is a de-construction of social norms and stereotypes of people of color D) there is a multi-dimensional view of people of color as key consumers

B) people of color appear in ads for low-cost, low-nutrition products

Denigrating another group to justify our maltreatment of them is called __________. A) cognitive development B) self-justification C) scapegoating D) socialization

B) self-justification

Erik, who is white, has recently purchased his first house. In an effort to ensure his property value would stay high, he looked for the best neighborhood he could afford in the best school system. As it turned out, his neighborhood was nearly all white. This is an example of __________. A) institutional discrimination B) social discrimination C) institutional prejudice D) social prejudice

B) social discrimination

The generally shared rules defining what is and is not proper behavior in one's culture is/are __________. A) social restrictions B) social norms C) social solidarity D) social coherence

B) social norms

Alfred had no prejudices towards Blacks but when his friends make derogatory comments to Black kids he does nothing to stop them. Alfred is a(n) __________. A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator B) unprejudiced discriminator C) prejudiced nondiscriminator D) prejudiced discriminator

B) unprejudiced discriminator

At which level does prejudice exist when a person behaves in ways that maintain the inequality between two groups? A) Cognitive B) Emotional C) Action-orientation D) Religious

C) Action-orientation

Gary runs a bank. He is only interested in giving loans to people with an excellent credit history. As a result, he ends up loaning to very few racial minorities. Gary is participating in __________ even if he is not aware of it. A) institutional discrimination B) social discrimination C) institutional prejudice D) social prejudice

C) institutional prejudice

Evidence about the success of affirmative action programs __________. A) is clearly positive B) is clearly negative C) is mixed D) has not yet been found

C) is mixed

Racial profiling is __________. A) rare B) discriminatory C) legally enforced D) a pathway to racial equality

C) legally enforced

According to Robert Merton, discrimination against a particular group is __________. A) always the acting-out of prejudice B) only practiced by prejudiced people C) not always the result of prejudice D) practiced only by active bigots

C) not always the result of prejudice

An employer who strongly dislikes a racial group hires them anyway because of legal and social pressures, typifying the __________. A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator B) unprejudiced discriminator C) prejudiced nondiscriminator D) prejudiced discriminator

C) prejudiced nondiscriminator

The Bakke decision __________. A) eliminated racial quotas in all fields B) reaffirmed racial quotas in all fields C) reaffirmed race, but not quotas, as a factor in college admissions D) disallowed the use of quotas and race for college admissions

C) reaffirmed race, but not quotas, as a factor in college admissions

Lacking the same standard of living compared to most members of society is called __________. A) absolute deprivation B) poverty C) relative deprivation D) value-deficiency

C) relative deprivation

Juanita blames her little brother for her failure to do her chores, but her brother was not even home. Juanita is clearly engaging in __________. A) self-justification B) subjugation C) scapegoating D) escapism

C) scapegoating

Studies measuring the impact of television on children's attitudes indicate __________. A) no correlation at all between amount of television viewed and children's attitudes B) inconclusive findings about the amount of television viewed and children's attitudes C) significant correlations between amount of television viewed and children's attitudes D) black, not white, children are more easily influenced

C) significant correlations between amount of tv viewed and children's attitudes

Mark views nonwhites with skepticism. He thinks they are all trying to take something for nothing. However, he is too worried about the social repercussions to act on his feelings. Mark is a(n) __________. A) all-weather liberal B) fair-weather liberal C) timid bigot D) active bigot

C) timid bigot

Aronson and Osherow's experiments on the jigsaw method __________. A) had no effect on prejudice reduction B) wreaked special hardship on minority children C) lowered self-esteem among minority children D) enhanced peer liking and successfully taught content

D) Enhanced peer liking and successfully taught content

Holden believes that all races are equal and goes out of his way to support programs and legislation that are aimed at achieving social equality even if it costs him money and/or job opportunities. He is a(n) __________. A) all-weather liberal B) fair-weather liberal C) timid bigot D) active bigot

D) active bigot

Megan has recently joined a white supremacy group in order to try and do something about her beliefs that nonwhites are inferior races. Megan is a(n) __________. A) all-weather liberal B) fair-weather liberal C) timid bigot D) active bigot

D) active bigot

Most social scientists consider prejudice to be an attitude with a(n) __________ bias. A) religious B) psychological C) social D) emotional

D) emotional

True or False) Social discrimination means the unequal treatment of subordinate groups inherent in the ongoing operations of society's institutions.

False

True or False) The contact hypothesis holds that racial and ethnic groups can fight stereotypes by avoiding interactions with one another.

False

The __________ of the 1890s and early 20th century established segregated public facilities throughout the South, which subsequent generations accepted as proper and maintained in their own adult lives.

Jim Crow laws

__________ refers to action taken by law enforcement officials on the erroneous presumption that individuals of one race or ethnicity are more likely to engage in illegal activity than individuals of other races or ethnicities.

Racial profiling

__________ is a lack of resources, or rewards, in comparison to those of others in the society.

Relative deprivation

__________ means that people tend to absorb information that accords with their own beliefs and rationalize away information that does not.

Selective perception

True or False) An ethnophaulism is a derogatory word or expression used to describe a racial or ethnic group.

True

True or False) Psychological and sociological perspectives complement each other in providing a fuller explanation about intergroup relations.

True

True or False) Stereotypes can be positive or negative.

True

True or False) The average American watches three years' worth of television ads during the course of a lifetime.

True

True or False) The statement, "She didn't deserve that promotion, I did," is directly related to economic competition concept.

True

True or False) When children are treated harshly they may grow up and displace their aggression on those who are less powerful.

True

True or False) When people rationalize away information that does not line up with their beliefs, they are engaging in selective perception.

True

True or False) While divided on preferences based on race and gender (blacks less in opposition than whites), most Americans seemed eager to support affirmative action based on economic class.

True

We can make a distinction between __________ and __________ discrimination. In the first, one takes action against someone, and, in the second, one's silent acquiescence to others' discriminatory actions is still a form of discrimination.

active, passive

The __________ encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or nonthreatening, inferior or equal (e.g., in terms of intellect, status, or biological composition), seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics

cognitive level of prejudice

In the United States, the practice of __________ was once widespread throughout the South. Not only were children specifically assigned to certain schools to maintain racial separation, but segregationist laws kept all public places racially separated as well. This exclusion can also take the form of __________ as residential patterns become embedded in social customs and institutions.

de jure segregation, de facto segregation

Blaming others for something that is not their fault is known as __________.

scapegoating

In the __________ process, individuals acquire the values, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of their culture or subculture, including religion, nationality, and social class.

socialization

A __________ is an oversimplified generalization by which we attribute certain traits or characteristics to a group without regard to individual differences.

stereotype