Chapter 3 Psych EC

Which of the following are disadvantages of behavioral observation?

-It may alter peoples' behavior when they know they are being watched. -Different observers may draw different conclusions -An individual rater may miss the details of an interpersonal interaction.

Which of the following is a major criticism of the MMPI?

-It does not reflect variations across cultures, age groups, or social classes.

Which of the following is an advantage of behavioral observation?

-It does not rely on individuals reporting and interpreting their own behaviors.

______________ is the abbreviation for the most widely used personality inventory in professional clinical assessments.

-MMPI -Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Which of the following is the tendency to see a diagnosis as real and true, rather than a set of judgments about how symptoms tend to go together?

-Reifying diagnoses

Tanya just completed an excellent routine on the high dive platform. Her ratings were 9.6, 9.5, 9.6, 9.5, and 9.6. The scores had high __________ reliability.

-interrater -two or more raters or judges come to similar conclusions

Neuropsychological tests are useful when a clinician suspects what type of impairment in a person?

-neurological

A procedure in which a clinician provides a formal evaluation of an individual's cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning is referred to as which of the following? A process of gathering info about people's symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms

assessment

The original MMPI consisted of ____ scales that measure different types of psychological characteristics or problems.

-10

Which of the following are features of behavioral assessment?

-Antecedents and consequences are noted. -Actions are recorded.

Which of the following did Szasz believe regarding the diagnosis of mental disorders?

-Mental disorders are really alternative ways of behaving and looking at the world. -People who seem to be suffering from them are oppressed by society. -They do not really exist.

A researcher wants to be able to see what level of brain activity is occurring when a person is solving a puzzle. Most likely she would use which of the following techniques?

-PET

Which of the following statements is true regarding assessment across cultures?

-People from some cultures describe their symptoms emotionally, whereas others discuss them physically.

-Criticisms of the MMPI include which of the following?

-The norms are not culturally diverse. -The translated versions are not comparable to the English version.

The __________ of diagnoses can impede progress in research and treatment as researchers focus on understanding the causes of and treatments for the diagnosis rather than on the biological, psychological, and social problems that underlie the disorder.

-reification

A client takes an MMPI-2 test in January and then takes the same test again in March. The scores each time are quite similar. This illustrates what assessment concept?

-reliability

The __________________ of a test indicates the consistency of the scores it produces.

-reliability

According to the text, because much of the information a clinician needs must come directly from the person being assessed, _____ can be a formidable problem.

-resistance

Test-___________________________ reliability describes how consistent the results of a test are over time.

-retest

There is evidence that African Americans in the United States are overdiagnosed as having symptoms of

-schizophrenia

The Bender-Gestalt Test assesses which of the following in an individual?

-sensorimotor

Which of the following are components of the MMPI?

-sentences about physical conditions -sentences describing moral and social attitudes -true, false, or can't say questions

Marissa is a clinician-in-training who is administering intelligence tests. Her supervisor reminds her that it is crucial that she follow the exact instructions in the administration and scoring of the test each time she administers it. To what important concept is the supervisor referring?

-standardization

One important way to improve both validity and reliability is to ____________________ the administration and interpretation of tests.

-standardize

In the Thematic Apperception Test, individuals are asked to make up a ___________ about what is happening in each of a series of pictures.

-story

In a ________________________ interview, the clinician asks the respondent a series of standardized questions about symptoms he or she is experiencing or has experienced in the past.

-structured

The setting of the threshold between what is considered normal and abnormal along the continuum is a ______________ judgment.

-subjective

A set of symptoms that tend to occur together is called which of the following?

-syndrome

Marge was found to have about the same level of depression based on an assessment she completed in February and again in November. The test was likely a good example of what type of reliability?

-test-retest -gives the same answers at two diff points in time

Which of the following is true of the results of "culture-fair" intelligence tests?

-they have been disappointing

The purpose of personality testing is which of the following?

-to understand persons thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

Which of the following are components of the MMPI-2?

-validity scales -Scales measuring vulnerability to eating disorders, substance abuse, and poor functioning at work -Scales measuring depression, hysteria, paranoia, and social introversion

An IQ score of 100 is

-average

Which of the following is an enhanced X-ray procedure?

-computerized tomography (CT)

A frequently used neuropsychological test is which of the following?

-Bender-Gestalt Test

When a clinician wants images of structural damage to the brain, which of the following is used?

-CT scan

What are some of the problems with children describing their emotions and behaviors?

-Children may show distress only in nonverbal behaviors. -Children cannot describe their feelings as well as adults can. -Children may talk about physical aches and pains rather than emotional pain when distressed.

Which of the following perspectives did the DSM-5 attempt to incorporate?

-Continuum or dimensional perspective on mental disorders

DSM stands for the ______________ and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

-Diagnostic

-Teachers' assessment of children are often which of the following?

-Different from assessments made by parents

Which of the following tests have been developed to pinpoint types of brain damage?

-Halstead-Reitan Test -Luria-Nebraska Test

Which of the following statements are true about the the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

-It has been brought in line with the International Classification of Diseases. -It fulfills the desire of researchers to have similar diagnostic systems around the world. -It has moved away from the multiaxial system

A significant change in the multiaxial system of the DSM-5 compared to previous editions is which of the following?

-It has moved away from the multiaxial system.

Which of the following is a problem with the continuum perspective of diagnosis as introduced in the DSM-5?

-It is easier for clinicians to think in terms of categories than continuums.

Which of the following are advantages of standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

-It is useful to determine structural damage in the brain. -It can be used repeatedly for the same individual.

The projective test that involves an examiner asking a respondent to discuss various cards containing symmetrical inkblots is known as the ________ Inkblot Test.

-Rorschach

Which of the following statements about a syndrome are true?

-Several symptoms make up a syndrome. -Not everyone experiences the same symptoms of a syndrome for a particular disorder. -People differ in which of the symptoms of a syndrome they experience more strongly.

Which of the following are components of the mental status exam?

-Study of the individual's thought processes -Assessment of the individual's appearance and behavior -Observation of the individual's mood and affect -Observation of the individual's intellectual functioning

Which of the following persons are often sources of information about children's functioning?

-Teachers -Guidance counselors -Coaches

Which of the following distinguish later editions of the DSM from the earlier editions?

-The criteria for most disorders require that the symptoms interfere with occupational and social functioning. -Later editions specify how long a person must show symptoms in order to be given the diagnosis. -There is an emphasis on the the length of symptoms and severity.

-Which of the following were improvements from older editions that were made in the DSM-III and DSM-IV? (Select all that apply.)

-The criteria reflected the fact that not all symptoms of a disorder need be present in every individual. -The criteria for disorders were specific and concrete.

Which of the following were criticisms of the DSM-I and the DSM-II?

-The criteria were heavily influenced by psychoanalytic theory. -The reliability was low. -The criteria were vague descriptions.

Parents are often used as a resource when assessing children. Which of the following statements are problematic about this practice?

-The parents may be the source of a child's psychological problems. -Parents are not always accurate in their assessment of their children's functioning. -Parents' perceptions of their children's well-being can be influenced by their own symptoms and perceptions. -Parent and child may disagree on what the problem is.

Which of the following is true of the reliability of DSM-5 diagnoses following further field trials?

-The reliability of diagnoses remains to be determined.

A classification system is which of the following?

-The set of syndromes and the rules for determining if the symptoms are part of one of the syndromes

Which of the following are some of the concerns about projective tests?

-Their validity is not strong. -Their reliability is not strong. -They are open to a number of biases.

Which of the following best describe the uses of intelligence tests?

-They assist in determining future academic success. -They help determine a person's intellectual strengths and weaknesses.

Intelligence tests are considered controversial because of which of the following reasons?

-They do not assess talent or skills such as artistic ability. -There is little consensus on what is meant by intelligence. -They are biased in favor of forms of reasoning favored by European Americans.

In a study by David Rosenhan, colleagues had themselves admitted to different mental hospitals. On intake, they reported hearing voices. After being labeled as schizophrenic and admitted, they behaved normally. Which of the following results occurred?

-They were never detected as normal by the hospital staff. -Upon discharge, the pseudopatients were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia in remission.

-Which of the following describes how brain imaging is used?

-To search for differences in brain activity or structure between people with a psychological disorder and people with no disorder

An assessment designed to understand symptoms along a continuum would ask which of the following questions?

-To what extent or degree does this symptom occur?

Which of the following are concerns regarding the DSM-5 classification system?

-Why was the process of developing the DSM-5 dismissive of alternative points of view? -What of the social impact of some of the new diagnoses? -What was the empirical justification for inclusion and exclusion of disorders?

The concept of validity of a psychological test refers to which of the following ideas?

-a test measures what is was designed to measure

A "culture-fair" test would have to include items that are applicable to which of the following?

-all groups

When people's answers to different forms of a test are similar, the tests are said to have ______ form reliability.

-alternate -when people's answers to different forms of a test are similar

Cranshaw took the Mummified Depression Scale Form A and received a score of 43. Six months later, he took Form B of the scale and received a score of 44. The test apparently was a good example of what type of reliability?

-alternate form

Cultural biases can arise when people are speaking the same language but have different cultural

-background

The term ____________________ observation refers to clinicians looking at a person's specific behaviors and what precedes and follows these behaviors.

-behavioral

The assessment process typically begins with which of the following?

-clinical interview

Hermione took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. She got an IQ of 125 and 123, respectively. Both tests have what type of validity?

-concurrent -extent to which a test yields the same results as other, established measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings

__________ validity is the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and not something else altogether

-construct

Jerry took an online IQ test in which the incorrect answers were so obvious he got everything right and scored an incredibly high IQ. Chances are the test was not a good example of what type of validity?

-construct validity, didn't measure what it was supposed to

In the Rorschach Inkblot Test, examiners are interested in what aspects of the respondents' answers?

-content and style

Michael's doctor decided to give him a test for depression. Michael noticed that the questions only asked about physical symptoms. There were no questions about cognitive or emotional symptoms. This test probably lacked what type of validity?

-content validity -test should asses all the important aspects of a phenomena

Sweat gland activity that is assessed by a device that detects electrical conductivity between two points of the skin is known as which of the following?

-electrodermal response

Electrodermal response can reflect what type of arousal?

-emotional

___________ trials were conducted during the development of the DSM-IV to increase its reliability.

-field

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves creating a magnetic field around the brain that causes a realignment of _________________ atoms in the brain.

-hydrogen

Clinicians use brain ____________ to search for differences in brain activity or structure between people with a psychological disorder and people with no disorder.

-imaging

A(n) ______________ test can be used to get a sense of an individual's intellectual strengths and weaknesses.

-intelligence

When there is similarity in people's answers among different parts of the same test, the test is said to be a good example of what type of reliability?

-internal -diff parts of same test produce similar results

When a test requires different clinicians or researchers to make judgments about the people being assessed and the scores obtained by the raters who make the judgments are similar, the test is a good example of what type of reliability?

-interrater

Which of the following are useful applications of the Beck Depression Inventory?

-it can be used in research on depression -it can be used weekly to monitor client progress

Which of the following about the SPECT scan, compared with the PET scan, is true?

-it is less accurate

Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-monitoring?

-it is open to biases in what individuals notice about their behaviors.

Self-_____________ refers to individuals keeping track of the number of times per day they engage in a specific behavior and the conditions under which this behavior occurs.

-monitoring

Paper-and-pencil ________________ tests may be useful in detecting specific cognitive deficits.

-neuropsychological

A test has _________________ validity if it is good at predicting how a person will think, act, or feel in the future.

-predictive

Kanisha took the SATs and averaged about 720 on each part. She went to an Ivy League school and did very well. The SATs had what type of validity?

-predictive validity

A technique in which a psychologist asks a client questions about ambiguous figures is called which of the following?

-projective

Josh will not provide accurate statements on a self-report inventory, so Josh's psychologist has decided to use a(n) ______________________ test, in which the examiner asks the test-taker questions about an ambiguous item.

-projective

______________ tests are used to detect changes in the brain and nervous systems that reflect emotional and psychological changes.

-psychophysiological

A symptom _______________ is used when clinicians or researchers want a quick way to determine a person's symptoms.

-questionnaire

Which of the following are components of a structured interview?

-questions about symptoms the person is experiencing or has experienced in the past -standardized questions

The electroencephalogram (EEG) does which of the following?

Measures electrical activity in the brain

Like all aspects of abnormal psychology, assessment and diagnosis exist along a ____________ wherein some behaviors are diagnosed as normal and others are diagnosed as abnormal.

continuum

When Jermain was answering a questionnaire, he noticed that all the questions concerned an unhappy mood, apathy, loss of appetite, and sleep. He concluded that the questionnaire was probably about depression. This questionnaire is said to have what kind of validity?

face validity -on face value, the items seem to measure what the test is intended to measure

Connie's psychologist, Doctor Barker, has gathered information about Connie's symptoms and the possible causes of them. Now that the gathering process is complete, Doctor Barker recognizes a set of symptoms that often occur together and makes a(n) ____.

diagnosis

The accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure is called its

validity