Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and judgements

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average is an example of _______ toward the average. a. correlation b. regression c. attribution d. slope

b. regression

Our person system of mental shortcuts is the definition of______.

heuristics

_____________ effect occurs when one incorporate wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.

misinformation

Even when stimuli are presented unconsciously, their effects can become conscious due to_____.

priming

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called _____ - _______- ______

self-fulfilling-prophecy

When we have acted badly, we are more likely to attribute our behavior to the ______.

situation

When we see our behaviors ar intentional and admirable we attribute this to our own good reasons, not to the ________.

situation

When we assume that other people's actions are the same as their intentions and dispositions, we are inferring ______.

traits

A student fails a test and the teacher tries to guess what happened. According to attribution theory, which potential causes below are dispositional (and not situational)? a. The student did not care about the test and thus didn't study. b. The student is not intelligent. c. The student was distracted by something happening at home or work. d. The student was sick.

A and B

Using the beliefs perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? a. police officer b. firefighter c. computer programmer d. college professor

A and B

Most student underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating? a. Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have. b. Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average. c. Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc. d. CEO overconfidence in which one individual decides all the major decisions and judgments of the corporation.

A, B, and C

David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking. a. controlled b. impulsive c. deliberate d. automatic

B impulsive and D automative

_________ is ascribing a behavior to the wrong source.

Misattribution

__________ trait inference is an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior

Spontaneous

Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will _________. a. look and smile at them more b. call on them more often for answers. c. spend more time with low achievers d. set higher standards for them

a, b, and d

Our social judgments and beliefs influence _________. a. our own reality b. others' biochemistry c. how we feel d. how we act

a, c, and d

Colton was told to eat his cereal and he would grow big muscles. Colton ate his cereal and check his "growing muscles in the mirror daily. Colton is experiencing an illusory ______. a. correlation b. milestone c. untruth d. movement

a. correlation

A reason social psychologists study attribution errors is to make us more ______. a. humane b. rational c. in touch with reality d. intelligent

a. humane b. rational c. in touch with reality

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking? a. impulsive b. reflective c. deliberate d. conscious

a. impulsive

Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks feel in value, and his golf score hit a low. However Miguel is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). Miguel is counting on which idea to improve his situation? a. regression toward the average b. belief perseverance c. illusory correlations d. self-fulfilling prophecy

a. regression toward the average

Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less __________. a. socially b. empathically c. aggressively d. immaturely

a. socically

Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). these actions are an example of ______. a. the illusion of control b. the histrionic personality c. self- fulfilling prophecy d. mere exposure

a. the illusion of control

Studies of dating and newly married couples identified that idealization in relationships created _______. a. more conflict with more reality b. relationship satisfaction c. better images of each other d. buffered conflict

b, c, and d

Within attribution theory, people explain others' behaviors by trying to find a cause for those behaviors. Which of the following are possible causes? a. past behaviors b. attitudes c. traits d. motives

b, c, and d

In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant _______. a. refusing to play the game at all b. acting in a hostile, aggressive manner c. acting in a friendly, cooperative manner d. acting in a shy, non-committal manner

b. acting in a hostile, aggressive manner

_______ thinking is the term for perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and construed beliefs that change to fit our current beliefs or behaviors. a. interesting b. illusory c. informational d. instructive

b. illusory

People believe that vivid events, such as shark attacks are more common than events are harder to picture, even when this is statistically incorrect. This tendency is an example of ______. a. the representativeness heuristic b. the availability heuristic c. counterfactual thinking d. hindsight bias

b. the availability heuristic

John is a leader in his career; he speaks as an expert in all areas of the company. John's impression of expertise is an example of the______ phenomena. a. extroversion b. introversion c. overconfience d. expert

c. overconfidence

Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias. a. cooperative b. collaborative c. confirmation d. construction

c. confirmation

We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it. a. externalize b. confabulate c. construe d. intellectualize

c. construe

Which of the filling methods can help remedy overconfidence? (select all that apply) a. continue to focus on expertise. b. unpack a task c. get prompt feedback d. consider disconfirming information

c. get prompt feedback d. consider disconfirming information

Activating particular associations in memory is _____. a. participating b. practicing c. priming d. pasting

c. priming

Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes. a. resurrecting b. resurfacing c. reconstructing d. revaluing

c. reconstructing

Aaron's parent's are going through a divorce, and his grades are going down. This is due to the physical and social circumstances in his life, a ______ attribution. a. sensational b. satisfaction c. situational d. sensual

c. situational

A teacher divides her class intro groups of four students and randomly chooses one of them to write review questions for an upcoming exam. The student who write the questions then quizzes the other three students in each group. Afterward, everyone in class agrees that the students who wrote the questions are the smartest. This error in logic is a result of not taking the situation into account, otherwise known as_______. a. self- fulfilling prophecy b. regression toward the average c. the fundamental attribution error d. the availability heuristic

c. the fundamental attribution error

In most trials, evidence of a confession is videotaped from an earlier police interview. The view in the tape usually focuses exclusively on the confessor, not other people in the room (such as police). The fact is sometimes called the _________ bias. a. police absence b. suspect focus c. angled view d. camera perspective

d. camera perspective

Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating _______ thinking. a. conditioning b. rationalization c. reality d. counterfactual

d. counterfactual

Ms. Johnson, a teacher, believe that Sheila's poor spelling test grade is due to Sheila's lack of motivation and low ability. Ms. Johnson is making a _________ attribution for the test grade. a. debilitation b. disitributive c. dysfunctional d. dispositional

d. dispositional

Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions? a. teach statistics courses focuses on everyday logic b. create memorable and useful slogans about biases c. demonstrate good and bad logic with concrete examples d. distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions

d. distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions

Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him. a. fantasy b. wonderful c. fulfilling d. false

d. false

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _________. a. thinking b. achievement c. opening d. heuristic

d. heuristic.

Sam is asked to testify in a court hearing as an eyewitness to a robbery. Sam's testimony is relying on his construction of _______. a. microorganisms b. multiple activities c. mind d. memory

d. memory

Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own _____. a. championship b. ownership c. grandeur d. reality

d. reality

Changing our memory of past behaviors to fit current perspectives or attitudes is called _____ of past behaviors. a. resurrecting b. retreating c. resurfacing d. reconstruction

d. reconstruction

Our social judgments are affected by our physical sensations thanks to our _______ cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.

embodied

Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the ______ attribution error.

fundamental

When observers underestimate situation influences and overestimate dispositional influences of another's behavior, they are committing the ________ attribution error.

fundamental

Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as _________ judgment

intuitive

The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of ____________ heuristics.

representativeness