chapter 3 Stress & Health Psychology

A

Primary appraisal refers to idea of __________ A)deciding if a stressor is harmful, threatening or challenging B)deciding what types of coping strategies are available C) deciding to use defense mechanisms to deal with a stressor D) deciding to directly deal with the stressor

decreasing or eliminating the source of stress

Problem-focused forms of coping strategies focus on _____.

It increases strength and stamina for coping with future stress.

Research on exercise and stress has found which of the following to be TRUE?

cynical hostility

Research suggests that one particular Type A characteristic is MOST associated with heart disease. What characteristic is it? a. intense ambition b. impatience c. cynical hostility d. time urgency

B

Since positive beliefs are considered a resource for coping, they are most closely related to the concept of ____ A) self actualization B) emotion-focused coping C) intrinsic motivation D) the type B personality

hassles

Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress are called _____.

taking the extinguisher and blankets to the scene

A small plane just crashed in your neighborhood. You take a fire extinguisher and blankets to the scene, then stand back and pray when you realize there is nothing you can do to help. Which behavior is an example of problem-focused forms of coping?

be deposited on and block coronary arteries

Stress increases the risk of heart disease because unused fat cells released during the stress response may _____.

PTSD

Survivors of cataclysmic events may develop a prolonged and severe stress reaction, known as _________

job stress and overworking greatly increase the risk of dying from heart disease or a stroke

The relationship between job stress and overworking and dying from heart disease or stroke is ______.

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex

The release of cortisol during the fight or flight response occurs at the end of the _____ pathway.

hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex

The release of cortisol during the fight or flight response occurs at the end of the _____ pathway.

A

The social readjustment rating scale constructed by Holmes and Rahe measures the stress in a person's life on the basis of ______? A) Life changes B) stress tolerance C) Daily hassles D) the balance between eustress and distress

You can divert responsibility away from yourself and onto others.

Which of the following is NOT an effective use of social support during a stressful situation?

the ability to control a conversation

Which of the following is NOT an important social skill that can help you cope with stress?

competition

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics associated with hardiness?

daily routines

Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of stress identified in your TEXT?

death of a child

Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of stress identified in your text?

Begin and end the session with muscles slightly tensed.

Which of the following is NOT part of your textbook author's directions for progressive relaxation?

Psychological factors can encourage or intensify chronic pain.

Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between chronic pain and psychological factors?

all statements are true

Which of the following is TRUE of health psychology? a. it studies the relationship between psychological behavior and physical health b. it studies the relationship between social factors and illness c. it emphasizes wellness and the prevention of illness d. all of the above

D

Which of the following is a stressor? A) sleeping B) petting your dog C) reading a book D) winning the lottery

a combination of all these options

Which of the following may be the MOST effective method of quitting smoking?

Logan rationalized that not making the basketball team would give him more time to focus on his studies and finish college sooner.

Which of the following persons is EFFECTIVELY using emotion-focused coping?

Paulette is shy and attending a new high school.

Which of the following persons is MOST likely to experience chronic stress?

D

Which of the following persons is MOST likely to experience chronic stress? A) Zach's father died of a heart attack three weeks ago B)Junko has been in labor for 10 hours so far C)Wen-Ho is stuck in rush hr D) Paulette is shy and attending a new high school

Mose is performing his regular, moderate workout at the gym.

Which of the following situations is the BEST example of eustress?

Mose is performing his standard, moderate workout at the gym.

Which of the following situations is the BEST example of eustress?

B

Which of the following situations is the BEST example of eustress? A)akiko is struggling to complete the last mile of her first triathlon B)Mose is performing his standard, moderate workout at the gym C) Alban just sprained his ankle playing a grueling tennis match. D) Both akiko and Mose best exemplify eustress

Your best friend is being treated for testicular cancer.

Which of the following situations would be MORE effectively handled with emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping?

broken bones

Which of the following would NOT be researched by health psychologists?

social rewards and physical addiction to nicotine

Which two factors make it hard to quit smoking?

scientists discovered biological causes for infectious disease

Why did the popular belief that emotions and thoughts affect health decline in the late 1800s? a. antibiotics were discovered that cured diseases b. some diseases were found to cause mental symptoms c. scientists discovered biological causes for infectious disease d. drug companies made money on drugs so endorsed physical causes of disease

because major causes of death are due to lifestyle rather than infectious causes

Why has the focus shifted back from biological (germ) causes of disease to exploring psychological factors in illness?

the accident; your physical reaction

You have a minor car accident after which you experience sweaty palms, rapid breathing, and a racing heart. In this situation, _____ is the stressor, and _____ is the stress.

Frustration

_____ is an unpleasant state of tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity that results from a blocked goal.

frustration

_____ is an unpleasant state of tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity that results from a blocked goal.

work

_____ is one of the largest sources of chronic stress for adults

Work

_____ is one of the largest sources of chronic stress for adults.

Psychoimmunology

_____ is the field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system.

Psychoneuroimmunology

_____ is the field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system.

Heart disease

_____ is the general term for all disorders that affect the heart muscle that can ultimately result in heart failure.

Cortisol

_____ plays a critical role in the long-term effects of stress, and is the most common measure of stress.

cortisol

_____ plays a critical role in the long-term effects of stress, and it is the most common measure of stress.

Emotion-focused

_______ coping can allow people to step back from an especially overwhelming problem, which they can reassess later.

emotion-focused

_______ coping can allow people to step back from an especially overwhelming problem, which they can reassess later.

psychoneuroimmunology

___________ is the field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system. a. psychosomatology b. neurobiology c. psychoneuroimmunology d. biopsychology

work

____________ is one of the largest sources of CHRONIC stress for adults. a. birth b. work c. Christmas d. moving

B

a physiological alarm reaction, followed by resistance, and ending with exhaustion is known as ____ A) the fight for flight response B) the general adaptation syndrome C) an approach-avoidance conflict D) the aggression-frustration-surrender sequence

A

which of the following is among the characteristics associated with type A personality? A) time urgency B) patience C) calm D) relaxed

approaching the attractive woman; Desmond's racing heart

Desmond sees an attractive woman whom he would like to meet. As he approaches her, his heart starts racing and his pupils dilate. In this situation, _____ is the stressor, and _____ is the stress.

the target behavior approach

Dr. Friedman is treating a Type A client by modifying only the cynical hostility that is associated with heart disease. Dr. Friedman is practicing _____.

the shotgun apporach

Dr. Sidney is treating a client with Type A personality by teaching him behavioral strategies for changing at least one characteristic per week. Dr. Sidney is practicing _____.

resistance

During the _____ phase of Selye's theory of stress, considerable energy is expended to adapt to the stressor.

feelings

Emotion-focused forms of coping are based on changing your _____ when faced with stressful situations.

feelings

Emotion-focused forms of coping are based on changing your _____________ when faced with stressful situations. a. feelings b. behavior c. strategies d. all of the above

ineffective; increase

Encouraging someone with chronic pain to talk about the pain is a(n) _____ strategy because her anxiety and pain are likely to _____.

an environmental trigger that prompts a stressful reaction

Hans Selye defined a stressor as

the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it

Hans Selye defined stress as

learned

Hardiness is _____.

an approach-avoidance conflict

Holmes is running for congress and has to decide whether to tell the truth about his use of drugs in high school. This is an example of _____.

it can lead to all of these choices

Hypercortisolism can lead to all EXCEPT which of the following choices?

- cataclysmic events - conflict - frustrations - hassles - life changes - chronic stressors - job stressors

List the 7 major sources of stress

B

Many researcher believe that _____ contribute more to ppls stress levels than ______ A) major life events, daily hassles B) daily hassles, major life events C) minor violation of law, divorce D) vacation, financial problems

daily hassles; major life events

Many researchers believe that __________ contribute more to people's stress levels that _________. a. major life events; daily hassles b. daily hassles; major life events c. vacation; financial problems d. minor violation of law; divorce

gets more colds and flus than Wendi due to a more impaired immune system

Mark and Wendi deal with the hassles of life differently. As the literature expects he might, Mark

it increases your options for eliminating stressors or reducing stress

Money is an important coping resource because _____.

managing stress in an effective way

In simple terms, coping is defined in your text as _____.

resistance

In terms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, coping occurs in the _____ stage.

stress

In your text, the physical and mental arousal to situations that we perceive as threatening or challenging is called _____.

stress

In your text, the physical and mental arousal to situations that we perceive as threatening or challenging is called ____________. a. distress b. eustress c. stress d. none of the above

stress, which releases hormones that suppresses immune functioning

Cancer can result from

is psychologically hardy

Charles is eager to start a new career, committed to solve any problems that come his way, and believes he has control over what happens in his life. This suggests that Charles _____.

death from overworking

"Karoshi" means _______.

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

- Selye's three-stage reaction to chronic stress 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

heart disease

- a general term for all disorders that eventually affect the heart muscle and lead to heart failure

frustration

- a negative emotional state resulting from a blocked goal

hardiness

- a resilient type of optimism that comes from three distinctive attitudes: commitment, control and challenge - a learned behavior, not something based on luck or genetics

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD

- an anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror or helplessness - characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning

coping

- an attempt to manage stress in some effective way

Type B personality

- behavior characteristics consistent with calm, patient, relaxed attitude

Type A personality

- behavior characteristics including intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook - among Type A characteristics, hostility is the strongest predictor of heart disease

seven major sources of stress

- cataclysmic events - life changes - chronic stressors - job stressors - hassles - frustration - conflict

cardiovascular disorders

- controllable factors that contribute to heart disease include stress, smoking, certain personality characteristics, obesity, a high-fat diet, and lack of exercise - when the body is stressed, the autonomic nervous system releases epinephrine and cortisol into the bloodstream - these hormones increase heart rate and release fat and glucose from the body's stores to give muscles a readily available source of energy

stress & cognitive functioning

- cortisol helps us deal w/ immediate dangers by increasing our immunity and mobilizing our energy resources - cortisol also can prevent the retrieval of existing memories, as well as the laying down of new memories and general information processing - in addition to the problems w/ cognitive functioning during acute stress, Robert Sapolsky has shown that prolonged stress can permanently damage the hippocampus, a key part of the brain involved in memory

problem- focused coping

- dealing directly with a stressor to decrease or eliminate it a. identifying the stressful problem b. generating possible solutions c. selecting the appropriate solution d. applying the solution to the problem, thus eliminating the stress

emotion-focused

Fantasy is a _____ form of coping.

eight important resources for healthy living and stress management

- exercise - positive beliefs - social skills - social support - control - material resources - sense of humor - relaxation

HPA axis

- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis the cerebral cortex interprets the stressor - hypothalamus activates the SAM system and the HPA axis - HPA axis responds more slowly but lasts longer than the SAM system - the pituitary gland activates the adrenal cortex, which releases corticosteroids, including cortisol - blood sugar and metabolism levels are increased, leading to increased energy - cortisol sends a feedback message to the pituitary gland to restore the body to its baseline state, homeostasis

defense mechanisms

- in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

health psychologist

- interested in how people's lifestyles and activities, emotional reactions, ways of interpreting events, and personality characteristics influence their physical health - particularly interested in how changes in behavior can improve health outcomes - emphasize the relationship between stress and the immune system - goal is to reduce psychological distress or unhealthy behaviors - also help patients and families make critical decisions and prepare psychologically for surgery or other treatment

emotion-focused forms of coping

- managing one's emotional reactions to a stressor

prolonged stress

- may lead to emotional and cognitive impairment - prolonged elevation of cortisol also contributes to hypertension, depression, posttramatic stress disorder, drug and alcohol abuse, and even low-birth weight infants

coronary heart disease

- occurs when the walls of the coronary arteries thicken, reducing or blocking the blood supply to the heart - symptoms of such disease include angina (chest pain due to insufficient blood supply to the heart) and heart attack (death of heart muscle tissue)

stress response

- one of the most interesting ways that people differ in their stress response has to do with gender - our bodies are relatively well designed for temporary stress but poorly equipped for prolonged stress - 2 response systems 1. SAM - sympatho-adreno-medullary system 2. HPA axis - hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

burnout

- persistent hassles that lead to a form of physical, mental and emotional exhaustion

eustress

- pleasant or beneficial stress, such as moderate exercise

chronic stressors

- sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly - even the stress of low-frequency noise is associated with measurable hormonal and cardiac changes

distress

- stress that is unpleasant or objectionable

SAM

- sympatho-adreno-medullary system - the cerebral cortex interprets the stressor - hypothalamus activates the SAM system & HPA axis - SAM system provides initial, rapid-acting stress response - sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla, which releases norepinephrine and epinephrine - heart rate increases, as does blood pressure, respiration and muscle tension - digestion is decreased and blood vessels are constricted

summary of SAM & HPA

- the SAM system and HPA axis are designed to increase our energy for dealing with emergencies - however, continued arousal, and its chemical onslaught, may deplete our body's energy reserves and thereby contribute to various stress-related health problems

stress

- the body's nonspecific response to any demand made on it - physical and mental arousal to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging

psychoneuroimmunology

- the interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system

job stress

- the most stressful jobs are those that make great demands on performance and concentration but allow little creativity or opportunity for advancement

health psychology

- the study of how biological, psychological and social factors affect health and illness

emotion-focused

A small plane just crashed in your neighborhood. You take a fire extinguisher and blankets to the scene, then stand back and pray when you realize there is nothing you can do to help. In this situation, praying is an example of _____ coping.

a Type B personality

A calm, patient, relaxed attitude toward life is associated with _____.

study interpersonal relationships among nurses and doctors

A health psychologist is LEAST likely to _____.

manic and depressive episodes

A man who was viciously beaten three months ago and is suffering from PTSD. Which of the following symptoms is he LEAST likely to develop?

conflict

A negative emotional state caused by having to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses is called _____.

the general adaption syndrome

A physiological alarm reaction, followed by resistance, and ending with exhaustion is known as _____

the general adaptation syndrome

A physiological alarm reaction, followed by resistance, and ending with exhaustion is known as _____.

burnout

A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations is called _____.

burnout

A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations is called _________. a. primary conflict b. technostress c. burnout d. secondary conflict

an environmental trigger that prompts a stressful reaction

A stressor is defined as:

10

About what percentage of Americans will have PTSD at some time in their lives?

unpleasant

According to Selye, distress is _____.

Eustress

According to Selye, pleasant, desirable stress is called _____.

eustress

According to Selye, pleasant, positive, desirable stress is called _____.

social pressure from peers

According to your text, a primary reason young people begin smoking is _____.

the immune system keeps cancer cells in check

According to your text, most people do NOT have cancer because _____.

strong personal motivation

According to your text, no program to quit smoking can work without _____.

cortisol

According to your text, the chemical that saves to feedback information to the brain about the body's response to stress is _______.

your level of motivation to achieve a blocked goal

According to your text, the degree of frustration you feel is related to _____.

exhaustion

After exposure to a severe and prolonged stressor, illness and death may occur in the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome.

the woman who was late for her job interview

An elevator got stuck between floors and kept its occupants trapped for hours. Which of the occupants was likely to experience the MOST frustration?

A

An idealistic person who is exposed to chroic stress in an emotionally draining job, such as an air traffic controller, is likely to experience______ A) Burnout B)frustration C) technostress D) work hassles

endorphins

An increase in activity and exercise levels can be beneficial to pain patients because exercise increases the release of _____.

may make it harder for smokers to quit

Anti-smoking laws _____.

chronic

Any pain that continues or recurs for six months or more is considered to be _____.

alarm

As Michael watches his instructor pass out papers, he suddenly realizes this is the first major exam and he is totally unprepared. Which phase of the GAS is the he most likely experiencing?

alarm

As Michael watches his instructor pass out papers, he suddenly realizes this is the first major exam, and he is unprepared. Which phase of the GAS is he most likely experiencing? a. resistance b. alarm c. exhaustion d. phase out

both groups were the same

As a result of Hurricane Katrina, many people experienced life-changing psychological and physical events. In measuring optimism versus pessimism in regular versus displaced students __________.

both Arash and his girlfriend

At a party, Arash consumed 5 drinks in a row and his girlfriend consumed 4 drinks in a row. This means that _____ met the definition for binge drinking.

may not be as stressful as we think

Cataclysmic events

problem-focused

If the circumstances that are creating your stress can be changed, _____ forms of coping are likely to be MOST effective.

short-term detrimental effects of tobacco use

If you are mounting a campaign to prevent young people from taking up smoking, you are likely to get the BEST results if you emphasize the _____.

are a binge drinker

If you frequently drink 4 or 5 alcoholic drinks at a sitting, this means you _____.

mark and return to answer them after checking other questions for clues

If you want to apply a problem-focused form of coping to answering difficult questions on this exam, your BEST strategy would be to _____.

Praise him for following doctor's orders.

If you wanted to help someone you know with their chronic pain symptoms, which of the following should you do?

alarm reaction

In Selye's general adaptation syndrome theory of stress, the initial response of the autonomic nervous system to a stressor occurs in the _____ phase.

approach-avoidance

In a _____ conflict, a person must choose between two or more alternatives that each have both desirable and undesirable results.

a desirable result

In an approach-approach conflict, a person must choose between two or more goals that will lead to _____.

a desirable result an undesirable result

In an approach-approach conflict, we must choose between two or more goals that will lead to _____________, whereas in an avoidance-avoidance conflict, we must choose between two or more goals that will lead to _____________. a. less conflict; more conflict b. frustration; hostility c. a desirable result; an undesirable result d. effective coping; ineffective coping

an undesirable result

In an avoidance-avoidance conflict, a person must choose between two or more goals that will lead to _____.

Type A personalities

Intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook on life are associated with _____.

a stressor; distress

John was planning to ask Susan to marry him. When he saw Susan kissing another man at a party, he was quite upset. In this situation, John's seeing Susan kissing another man is _____, and it illustrates _____.

smoking

King James I said that _____ was "loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, [and] dangerous to the lungs."

stressor; hassle

Moving to a new city is considered a _____, whereas filling out change of address cards for all of your subscriptions and creditors is considered a _____.

life change; hassle

Moving to a new city is considered a ____________, whereas filling out change of address cards for all of your subscriptions and creditors is considered __________. a. hassle; life change b. distressor; eustressor c. life change; hassle d. stressor; frustration

an approach-approach

Moya really wants to study so she can pass her psychology exam tomorrow, but she also wants to go out with her new boyfriend tonight. This is an example of _____ conflict.

believe they have no control over their circumstances

One threat to well being occurs in people who _____.

Scientist discovered biological causes for infectious disease.

People have historically believed that emotions and thoughts affect health. However, this popular belief declined in the late 1800s. Why?

experiencing PTSD

People who experience flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning following a life-threatening or other horrifying event are _____.

experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder

People who experience flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning following a life-threatening or other horrifying event are _____.

experiencing PTSD

People who experience flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning following a life-threatening or other horrifying event may be _____________. a. suffering from a psychosomatic illness b. experiencing PTSD c. having a nervous breakdown d. weaker than people who take such events in stride

hardiness

People who interpret stress as challenging and interesting rather than threatening or frustrating are exhibiting _____.

May burnout due to loss of idealism.

People who think of their professions as a calling, such as nurses, _________.

chronic stressors

Poor working conditions or a bad marriage are classified in your text as:

emotion-focused coping

Positive beliefs are considered a resource for coping. Such beliefs are most closely related to the concept of _____.

internal locus of control external locus of control

Research suggests that people with a higher __________ have less psychological stress than those with a higher ___________. a. external locus of control; internal locus of control b. internal locus of control; external locus of control c. emotion-focused coping style; problem-focused coping style d. none of these

internal locus of control; external locus of control

Research suggests that people with higher _____ have less psychological stress than those with higher _____.

cynical hostility

Research suggests that this Type A characteristic is MOST associated with heart disease.

burnout

Samsara is an idealistic person who is exposed to chronic stress in her emotionally draining job as an air traffic controller. The BEST term to describe what Samsara is likely to experience as a result of this situation is _____.

heart disease

Simon is experiencing chest pain due to an insufficient blood supply to the heart. Saul's coronary arteries are nearly blocked, which is slowing blood flow to his heart, and Sean has just experienced the death of some of his heart muscle tissue. What do these men have in common?

frustration

Tanner wants to make his mother's favorite dish but has no cardamom, an essential ingredient. He tries, unsuccessfully, to borrow some from three of his neighbors. He drives to several stores-none of them have it. The negative emotion Tanner begins to experience is called _____.

resistance

Than was recently laid off. His bills are piling up, he hasn't found a new job yet, and his wife is pregnant. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is he MOST likely experiencing?

found in 75% of people who do not have ulcers

The H. pylori bacterium that is associated with ulcer formation is _____.

life changes

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale constructed by Holmes and Rahe measures the stress in a person's life on the basis of _____.

enhancing the formation of a strong social bond

The anti-smoking laws have had unintended effects that may make quitting more difficult for some people including

SAM

The body's immediate fight-or-flight response is facilitated by the _______ system(s).

homeostasis

The body's state of equilibrium is called ______.

death

The end result of a total absence of stress is _____.

sympathetic

The fight or flight response is triggered by the _____ nervous system.

humor

The most common coping strategy in students post-Katrina was ______.

avoidance-avoidance

The most difficult conflict to resolve is usually the _____ conflict.

job stress

The stressor that includes role conflict and burnout is stress.

coronary heart disease, strokes, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhea

The top five causes of death in the world today include

cortisol and epinephrine

The two chemicals released during the fight or flight stress response that are associated with the development of heart disease are _____.

Putting on a nicotine patch

This is NOT a behavioral strategy for quitting smoking: _____ when the urge to smoke strikes.

pneumonia

This is NOT a major cause of death in the United States today.

They are correlated with illness.

This is a TRUE statement about SRRS scores.

secretary

This person is LEAST likely to experience burnout.

locus of control

This term refers to a person's belief that life's circumstances are under their internal, personal control or outside, external factors.

an avoidance-avoidance

Three-year-old Cory wants to stay up, but has to decide whether he will go to bed now or in five minutes. This is an example of _____ conflict.

C

Wanting to eat a piece of chocolate cake, but not wanting to gain weight is an example of what type of conflict? A) an approach-approach B) and avoidance-avoidance C) and approach-avoidance D) acceptance-approach

an approach-avoidance

Wanting to eat a piece of chocolate cake, but not wanting to gain weight is an example of what type of conflict? a. approach-avoidance b. acceptance-approach c. an avoidance-avoidance d. approach-approach

hypothalamus pituitary adrenal cortex

What are the 3 key parts of the HPA axis, which enables us to deal with chronic stressors?

a stressor distress

When John saw his girlfriend kissing another man at a party, he became very upset. In this situation, watching someone you love kiss a potential competitor is _______________, and it illustrates___________. a. a stressor; distress b. eustress, a stressor c. distress; a stressor d. a stressor; eustress

external

When diagnosed with diabetes, Derek placed his fate in God's hands. Derek's method of coping suggests that he has an _____ locus of control.

internal

When diagnosed with diabetes, Evelyn searched the Internet for information about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this disease. Evelyn's method of coping suggests that she has an _____ locus of control.

role conflict

When one is forced to choose between two or more different and incompatible functions, one is experiencing ______.

role conflicts

When one is forced to choose between two or more different and incompatible personal or professional functions, one is experiencing ______.

optimism

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?

all of these options ARE stressors

Which of the following is NOT a stressor?

patience

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics associated with Type-A personality?

religious commitment

Which of the following is NOT among the coping resources listed in your text?