Chapter 3 Study Guide

Compare and contrast the terms socialization and enculturation. From ecological systems theory, what are the various dimensions of enculturation?

*see definitions below* Socialization generally refers to the actual process an mechanisms by which people learn the rules of society - what is said to whom and in which contexts. Enculturation generally refers to the products of the socialization process - the subjective, underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development.

What are the four basic types of parenting styles? Contrast this with the domain-specific approach. Are children's developmental outcomes changed by different parenting styles across different cultures?

*see definitions below* The domain-specific approach focuses on parenting behaviors rather than general styles to better understand the socialization process. The domain approach emphasizes the complexity of the socialization process by distinguishing between distinct types or domains of parent-child socialization. Domains such as protection, control, reciprocity (learning how to cooperate), guided learning (learning specific skills), and group participation (learning how to participate in social groups and cultural practices.) Yes, children's developmental outcomes change by different parenting styles across different cultures. The important thing for parents in all cultures is that parenting practices must be appropriate for the domain in which the child is functioning.

What are the three basic goals of the caregiving environment? How do parent's belief systems interact with those goals?

1)Survival 2) Self-sufficient: ex) self-esteem 3) Cultural Values: ex) prestige. Parent belief systems interact with these goals because their behaviors help develop their culture beliefs and keep child safe. -- not sure second question.

Post-figurative culture

A culture in which change is slow and socialization occurs primarily by elders transferring their knowledge to their children. Elders hold the knowledge necessary for becoming a successful and competent adult.

Co-figurative culture

A culture in which change occurs rapidly. Both adults and peers socialize young people. Young people may have to turn to one another for advice and information in this type of culture.

Pre-figurative culture

A culture that is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults cultural knowledge.

Permissive parents

A style of parenting in which parents allow children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines.

Uninvolved parents

A style of parenting in which parents are often too absorbed in their own lives to respond appropriately to their children and may seem indifferent to them.

Authoritarian parent

A style of parenting in which the parent expects unquestioned obedience and views the child as needing to be controlled.

Authoritative parent

A style of parenting that is viewed a firm, fair, and reasonable. This style is seen as promoting psychologically healthy, competent, independent children who are cooperative and at ease in social situations.

Cyberbullying

Bullying through electronic means, for example, using the Internet, social media, or sending text messages.

How can sleeping arrangements, siblings, and extended households affect developmental outcomes in different cultures?

Co-sleeping good for babies and parents more sleep, better attachment, and sensory stimulation. Siblings might take role of primary care giver or have the same present an equal mount of time with young child as mother ex) oldest of 5 becomes primary care giver. Through sibling we learn pro social and anti social behaviors. Older siblings influenced younger sibling's perspectives on gender. ex) how traditional their attitude towards women were. Prolonged exposure to siblings provide opportunities of observing, modeling, and imitating one another. Extended households differ in their composition from one culture to another but have in common a sharing of resources, emotional support, and caregiving.

What are some of the potential reasons for cross-cultural differences in math achievement?

school environment. Korea, China, and Japan have school on Saturdays. ? not sure

Parental Ethnotheories

Parental cultural belief systems.

Socialization (and enculturation) agents

The people, institutions, and organizations that exist to help ensure that socialization and enculturation occurs.

Enculturation

The process by which individuals learn and adopt the ways and manners of their specific culture.

Socialization

The process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of behavior that are affected by culture. This process, which occurs over a long time, involves learning and mastering societal and cultural norms, attitudes, values, and belief systems.