Chapter 3 Terms & Review Questions

Timucua

the native people of Florida, whom the Spanish displaced with the founding of St. Augustine, the first Spanish settlement in North America

Middle Passage

the perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of slave ships from the African coast to the New World

How did the Chesapeake colonists solve their labor problems?

they offered passage to people(men) who work for a set number of years, then used africans for cheap labor

How did European muskets change life for native peoples in the Americas?

European guns started an arms race among Indian groups. Tribes with ties to Europeans had a distinct advantage in wars with other tribes because muskets were so much more effective than bows and arrows. Guns changed the balance of power among different groups and tribes and made combat more deadly.

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, an elite Catholic religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and to combat the spread of Protestantism

Which of the following is not an item Europeans introduced to indians? A. wampum B. glass beads C. copper kettles D. metal tools

A. wampum

The founders of the Plymouth colony were: A. Puriatns B. Catholics C. Anglicans D. Jesuits

A. Puriatns

What was the primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion? A. former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory B. African slaves wanted better treatment C. Susquahannock Indians wanted the Jamestown settlers to pay a fair price for their land D. Jamestown politicians were jockeying for power

A. former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory

How did the Pueblo attempt to maintain their autonomy in the face of Spanish settlement?

As the Spanish tried to convert the Pueblo to Catholicism, the native people tried to fold Christian traditions into their own practices. This was unacceptable to the Spanish, who insisted on complete conversion—especially of the young, whom they took away from their families and tribes. When adaptation failed, native peoples attempted to maintain their autonomy through outright revolt, as with the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. This revolt was successful, and for almost twelve years the Pueblos' lives returned to normalcy. Their autonomy was short-lived, however, as the Spanish took advantage of continued attacks by the Pueblos' enemies to reestablish control of the region.

What was the most lucrative product of the Chesapeake colonies? A. corn B. Tabacco C. gold and silver D. slaves

B. Tabacco

What was patroonship? A. a Dutch ship used for transporting beaver B. a Dutch system of patronage that encouraged the arts C. a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherland to encourage colonization D. a Dutch style of hat trimmed with beaver fur from New Netherland

C. a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherland to encourage colonization

Which of the following was a goal of the Spanish in their destruction of Fort Caroline? A. establishing a foothold from which to battle the Timucua B. claiming a safe place to house the New World treasures that would be shipped back to Spain C. reducing the threat of French privateers D. locating a site for the establishment of Santa Fe

C. reducing the threat of French privateers

What was the Middle Passage? A. the fabled sea route from Europe to the Far East B. the land route from Europe to Africa C. the transatlantic journey that African slaves made to America D. the line between the northern and southern colonies

C. the transatlantic journey that African slaves made to America

What impact did Europeans have on their New World environments-native peoples and their communities as well as land, plants, and animals? Conversely, what impact did the New World's native inhabitants, land, plants, and animals have on Europeans? How did the interaction of European and Indian societies, together, shape a world that was truly new?

Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others. The Europeans brought many diseases with them, which decimated Native American populations. negatively affecting native animals over hunting of beavers affected habitats for fish as well as water sources for deer, moose, and other animals. Europeans introduced pigs, which they allowed to forage in forests and other wild lands. Pigs consumed the foods on which deer and other indigenous species depended, resulting in scarcity of the game native peoples had traditionally hunted. Native peoples did not believe in private ownership of land; instead, they viewed land as a resource to be held in common for the benefit of the group. Colonizers erected fields, fences, and other means of demarcating private property. Native peoples who moved seasonally to take advantage of natural resources now found areas off limits, claimed by colonizers.Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources.

Describe the attempts of the various European colonists to convert native peoples to their belief systems. How did these attempts compare to one another? What were the results of each effort?

Conflict increased as colonization spread and Europeans placed greater demands upon the native populations expecting them to convert to Christianity (either Catholicism or Protestantism). Throughout the seventeenth century, the still-powerful native peoples and confederacies that retained control of the land waged war against the invading Europeans, achieving a degree of success in their effort to drive the newcomers from the continent.

Which religious order joined the French settlement in Canada and tried to convert the natives to Christianity? A. Franciscans B. Calvinists C. Anglicans D. Jesuits

D. Jesuits

Which of the following not true of the Puritan religion? A. it required close reading of scripture B. church membership required a conversion narrative C. literacy was crucial D. only men could participate

D. only men could participate

How did chattel slavery differ from indentured servitude? How did the former system come to replace the latter? What were the results of this shift?

Indentured servitude differed from chattel slavery because indentured servants are people who were willing to work to get transportation, land, clothes, food, or shelter instead of money. In chattel slavery, people are considered property instead of workers or servants. They can only be free when they purchased themselves or when their master(s) allowed them to be. Indentured servants get to be released when they have worked their part of the deal. Slaves don't get much in return for their work. Something that they do get is shelter, but most of the time, the shelter is small and is shared with other slaves. the indentured servants, especially once freed, began to pose a threat to the property-owning elite. Slave laws were soon passed - in Massachusetts in 1641 and Virginia in 1661 -and any small freedoms that might have existed for blacks were taken away.

Compare and contrast life in the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English colonies, differentiating between the Chesapeake Bay and New England colonies. who were the colonizers? What were their purposes in being there? How did they interact with their environments and the native inhabitants of the lands on which they settled?

Most of the colonies had conflicts with Indians. The Spanish and French colonies were both ruled completely by their home country. Spanish and French settlers tried to convert Indians to Christianity. All started colonizing to make empires for their country. Spanish and French both had large amounts of land. The English copied the Dutch, as well did the Dutch copied the Portuguese. Like the French, The Dutch were in the beaver business; therefore they were concerned with sustaining the Indian nations who were providing them with beaver pelts.

Compare and contrast European muskets change life for native peoples in the Americas?

Seven European powers—Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Overpopulation, economic distress, social unrest, and religious persecution in the home country may be factors that cause colonization,. As Europeans established their colonies, their societies also became segmented and divided along religious and racial lines. Most people in these societies were not free; they labored as servants or slaves, doing the work required to produce wealth for others.

How did the French and Dutch colonists differ in their religious expectations? How did both compare to Spanish colonists?

The Dutch allowed the most religious freedoms; they didn't try to convert native peoples to Christianity, and they allowed Jewish immigrants to join their colony. French Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Indians to Catholicism, but with much more acceptance of their differences than Spanish missionaries.

Repartimiento

a Spanish colonial system requiring Indian towns to supply workers for the colonizers

indenture

a labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years

musket

a light, long-barreled European gun

Why did the Spanish build Castillo de San Marcos? A. to protect the local Timucua B. to defend against imperial challengers C. as a seat for visiting Spanish royalty D. to house visiting delegates from rival imperial powers

a stone fort to better defend against challengers*happened after English Capt. Drake attacked and destroyed town

Headright System

a system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia

Maroon Communities

groups of runaway slaves who resisted recapture and eked a living from the land

Patroonships

large tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization

wampum

shell beads used in ceremonies and as jewelry and currency