Chapter 3 test history 6-3

Pilgrimages

-A pilgrimage is journey to a holy site or shrine to a saint. -Church of the Holy Sepulcher - Canterbury Cathedral for St. Thomas Beckett

The increasing power of the Church

-After the fall of Rome, the Church was the only stable force in medieval Europe -The Church owned the most land in the Middle Ages -Every member of the Church had to pay one tenth of their earnings -The Church also made money from people living on its land -The Church was powerful politically because Popes could ex communicate kings etc.

Holidays such as Easter and Christmas

-Medieval Europeans enjoyed many festivals and fairs that marked important days of the year. Most of these celebrations were connected in some way to the Church. -Two of the main medieval holidays were Christmas and Easter. -Christmas is the day when Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus. -Easter is the day when Christians celebrate the Resurrection. - The Lord of the manor would provide a big feast for his peasants.

Monks, nuns, and friars including St. Benedict and his rules

-Monte Cassino, Italy: First Monastery founded by Saint Benedict -Some men and women, however, solemnly promised to devote their lives to God and the Church. The Monastic Way of Life Monks were men who joined monasteries, communities devoted to prayer and service to fellow Christians. This way of life is called monasticism. -St. Benedict founded at Monte Cassino, Italy almost about 529 A.D. -These monks became know as Benedictines -St. Benedict created a very long list of rules for the monks:Rules of St. Benedict -Monks had to take three vows: chastity, poverty, and obedience -Abbot: head of a monastery -Abbess: head of a convent -Monks spent their lives in prayer, study, and work. They attended eight church services every day. Other duties included caring for the poor and sick, teaching, and copying religious texts. Since most monasteries were self-sufficient, monks spent much of their time working. They farmed their land, tended their gardens, raised livestock, and sewed clothing. -Each monastery had a cloister. Around the cloister would be a kitchen, dinning room, dormitories and a library -A fur scholarly monks would spend their days copying the ancient texts and other books by hand -They wrote on parchment or vellum. they maid paints by hand and they created beautiful letters called illuminations. -Many orders of Monks and nuns followed the Benedictines -Some women joined convents/nunneries and became Nuns. They did similar work as the monks -Convents and Monasteries were life families. The abbot was the head. The monks would be brothers. The nuns would be sisters -Hildegard was a german medieval man who advised popes and wrote many books -St. Francis of Assisi began a different order of monks -They lived among the people helping then poor and sick -They were know ad Franciscans and were called Friars not brothers. They were also called mendicants because they too took a vow of poverty -Francis loved all living thins and felt that they deserved respect -With his friend Clare, Francis began an order of sisters called that poor Clare's

Art and architecture of cathedrals

-Most medieval art was based on religion -Most medieval people were illiterate so they would look to paintings, stained glass windows, and statues to learn about the saints and the Bible -Cathedrals were like palaces to God. They could be seen from miles away because they were so tall -Cathedral comes from the latin word "cathedra", bishops throne/chair -Most churches and cathedrals were/are build in the shape of a cross -There are two types of cathedrals; Romanesque and Gothic. -Romanesque were sturdier, they also did not have many windows, they also had a rounder shape - Gothic Cathedrals had long tall walls that were supported by flying buttresses. They also had a huge rose windows. -Cathedrals were built in the shape of the cross

The organization of the Church: priests, bishops, archbishops, cardinals, and Pope

-The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church (Papacy) -The cardinals elect the Pope, they also advise the Pope and, they also represent a country at the Vatican. -Archbishops are in charge of arch dioceses. Many dioceses make up an archdioceses. -The bishops are in charge of the dioceses. Many parishes make up a dioceses. -The priest are in charge of parishes

crusades

-The pope asked the rulers of Europe to send armies to the holy land and free it from Muslim control. These wars became known as holy wars/ or crusades -The latin word for cross is crux, from that we get a war of the cross -There were 8 crusades in all -They lasted from 1095-1270 -Only the first was sucsesful

The Canterbury Tales

-The tales were written by Jeffery Chaucer and were stories/poems said by different pilgrims said on their way to Canterbury cathedral.

The growth of the Church from Roman times including Constantine

-The teachings of Jesus began the Roman Catholic Church. -After the death/resurrection of Jesus the Church grew slowly because the Roman Empire felt threatened by the rise of Christianity -As a result, the early Christians were persecuted until Constantine became emperor in 313 A.D. -In 395 A.D. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire

Sacraments and salvation

-There are seven sacraments:baptism, Eucharist, reconciliation, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, anointing of the sick (extreme unction) -Medieval people believed that taking the sacraments gave them special blessings which they believed would help them get into heaven when they died.

Education, medieval universities, St. Thomas Aquinas

EDUCATION -During the Middle Ages, most schooling took place in monasteries, convents, and cathedrals. -Charlemagne hired scholars to teach people to read and write. As they were doing this, lower case letters were invented. -In medieval times, the clergy were the people most likely to be educated. - At school they taught: Latin Grammar Rhetoric Logic Geometry Arithmetic Astronomy Music UNIVERSITIES -Starting in the 1200s, cathedral schools gave rise to universities -Many schools began with churches where young noble men would be taught latin. They would then become clergy men themselves. -Some universities began as church schools for the poor. They became the great universities in the world. THOMAS AQUINES - Thomas Aquines felt that logical thinking could go hand in hand with faith -He felt that there was a natural law that guided a person and that people would lead good lives even if laws and the bible did not exist. -There is no proof for faith