chapter 31 reading assignment
A food web illustrates which of the following?
Energy flow
Which of the following is a component of the other?
HABITAT
Because they can use energy obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds, some bacteria called ______ have been found to support communities in caves and hydrothermal vents along deep-sea oceanic ridges.
chemoautotrophs
In aquatic ecosystems, the exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere is indirect because carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters the water as ______ ions.
bicarbonate
The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is at equilibrium with ______ ions in the water.
bicarbonate
The pathways by which chemicals cycle within ecosystems, which are called, _____ cycles, can be either gaseous or sedimentary.
biogeochemical
Sedimentary and gaseous are names given to the two types of ______.
biogeochemical cycles
The number of organisms in an ecosystem multiplied by their weight is called
biomass
Distinctive terrestrial ecosystems are also called ______.
biomes
The final level of biological organization, which contains all of the ecosystems on Earth, is the
biosphere
Select choices from which organisms readily obtain chemicals in a biogeochemical cycle.
biotic community exchange pool
Which types of organisms exchange carbon dioxide with the atmosphere in the carbon cycle?
both terrestrial and aquatic
A consumer in a food chain that eats other living animals is called a ______.
carnivore
Carbon dioxide, a waste product of ______ ______ , enters the atmosphere when aerobic organisms respire.
cellular respiration
A simple, single path of energy flow, linking one organism to the next, within a larger ecosystem, is called a food
chain
Following a disturbance, the climate of an area will always lead to repopulation by the same animal, plant, fungus, and bacterial species, a group collectively referred to as a(n) _____ community
climax
Over time, communities move towards becoming a
climax community.
Some flowers have specific pollinators that only visit that particular flower. This phenomenon has developed over a long time period and has involved each species evolving in response to the other. It is called
coevolution
When an evolutionary change in one species results in an evolutionary change in another, ________ has occurred.
coevolution
The type of symbiosis that occurs when one species benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed is called _____.
commensalism
A group of populations of multiple species living in one location is called a
community
Ecological succession involves changes in the makeup of a(n) ______ over time.
community
If two species are using the same limited resource, then they are experiencing ______ , which has a negative effect on the abundance of both species.
competition
Resource partitioning serves to decrease _______ between two species that typically occupy the same niche by splitting up a shared resource like food, essentially increasing niche specialization.
competition
What is the most likely food source for a decomposer?
DEAD ORGANIC MATTER
Molds and mushrooms are examples of bacteria and fungi that serve as _______ , which break down dead organic matter.
DECOMPOSER
Which forest food web has the most energy flowing through it?
Detrital food web
Which of the following interactions occurs between two species for limited resources and has a negative effect on the abundance of both species?
competition
According to the ______ _____ principle, no two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time.
competitive exclusion
An organism that feeds on either an autotroph or heterotroph in a food chain can be called a ______.q
consumer
While a producer is able to make its own food, a _____ must take in food from outside sources.
consumer
A heterotroph that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that are recycled in the environment is called a
decomposer
If two species are competing for food and one proves to be a stronger competitor, the other species population will often
decrease in size
If two species are competing for food and one proves to be a stronger competitor, the other species population will often
decrease in size.
The visual representation of biomass, energy content, or number of organisms at the different trophic levels of a food web is called a(n)
ecological pyramid.
Because most of the available phosphates are used in food chains, phosphate is usually a(n) ______ inorganic nutrient in ecosystems.
limited
Identify the greenhouse gases.
methane nitrous oxide CO2
The transfer rates of carbon dioxide due to photosynthesis and cellular respiration are about even, though there is _____ carbon dioxide being deposited in the atmosphere than being removed.
more
When two species benefit from being associated with each other it is called _____.
mutualism
A species that is naturally found in a given area is called a(n) ______ SPEICES
native
Select the fossil fuels from the choices below.
natural gas oil coal
Pollinator mouthparts are adapted for obtaining ______ from flowering plants.
nectar
According to the competitive exclusion principle, no two species can indefinitely occupy the same ______ at the same time
niche
The ecological ______ of a species incorporates the role the species plays in the community, its habitat, and its interactions with other species.
niche
Which of the following is the product of nitrification?
nitrate
Fish kills due to eutrophication, or over enrichment, of the water can be the result of excess ______ and phosphates in these water systems.
nitrates
Which of the following can plants use as sources of nitrogen?
nitrates ammonium
Which process produce nitrates during the nitrogen cycle?
nitrification
Because it is a gas and must be converted by bacteria into a usable form, ______ is a limiting factor for plants.
nitrogen
Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate into ______ gas
nitrogen
Which organisms would be found at the 1st trophic level?
oak trees
A heterotroph that feeds on both plant and animal matter is called a(n)
omnivore
If two species of Paramecium are grown together in a tube with a fixed amount of food and they are not able to partition the resources:
one will die off
What two products are produced by photoautotrophs?
organic nutrients O2
Which of the following can be a consequence of excess phosphates, which can come from fertilizers, animal wastes, and untreated sewage?
over.....
Predator is to prey as _____ is to host
parasite
The species interaction in which one organism feeds on a second organism called a host, usually without killing the second organism is called ______
parasitism
Which group makes up the base of an ecological pyramid?
peoducers
The element in ocean sediments that becomes available when ocean sediments undergo geologic upheaval is
phosphorus
The element that is made available to plants through the slow weathering of rocks is
phosphorus
An autotroph that uses solar energy to produce organic nutrients is specifically called a ______.
photoautotrophs
The process that initially makes energy available to the organisms of an ecosystem is called:
photosynthesis
Which of the following does NOT contribute to climate change?
photosynthesis
The first species to appear during the process of primary or secondary succession are called opportunistic _____ species
pioneer
A community is a collection of different ______.
populations
Predation occurs when an animal called the ______ feeds on an organism called the ______
predator prey
During predation, the organism being eaten is called the _____ and the organism doing the eating is the _____.
prey; predator
In the even of the retreat of a glacier, abiotic factors, lichens, and mosses begin the formation of soil from rock during a process called ______ succession
primary
In the even of the retreat of a glacier, abiotic factors, lichens, and mosses begin the formation of soil from rock during a process called ______ successions
primary
The type of ecological succession that begins in a location that lacks soil is called ______ succession.
primary
An organism that uses inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to make organic nutrients for itself is called a:
producers
A biomass pyramid eliminates organism ______ as a factor in an ecological pyramid.
size
Which of the following is a sedimentary biogeochemical cycle?
Phosphorus
Identify the characteristics of pioneer species.
short life span small in stature mature very quickly
The climax-pattern model states that
as long as the climate stays the same, the same stable climax community will return after a disturbance.
Algae and phytoplankton are common examples of aquatic _________.
autotrophs
A symbiotic relationship called _______ occurs when one species in the relationship benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
Commensalism
Which human activities alter the transfer rates in the carbon cycle?
-burning fossil fuels -deforestation.
If a secondary consumer consumes 200 kg of a primary consumer, how much gets converted into the secondary consumer's body mass?
20 kg
If an herbivore consumes 500 kg of plant material, how much gets converted into the herbivore's body mass?
50
Select the components that are involved in the symbiosis of a lichen.
Algae Fungus
If excess phosphorus enters an aquatic ecosystem, fish kills can occur. Why?
Algal populations grow quickly because of the nutrients and then die. Bacteria feed on the dead algae and use up the oxygen, causing the fish to die.
The two parameters that define a major terrestrial ecosystem, also called a _____ , are temperature and rainfall.`
BIOME
Communities, ecosystems, and biomes accumulate to form the
BIOSPHERE
Which of the following gases contributes most to the greenhouse effect?
CARBON DIOXIODE
An animal that eats other animals is a
CARNIVORE
Identify the products produced by a decomposer.
CO2 minerals
Fossil fuels formed during the ______ period, 286 - 360 MYA.
Carboniferous
An organism that is able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and, rather than using sunlight, is able to oxidize an inorganic substance for its energy source is a ______.
Chemoautotroph
During denitrification, what happens to the nitrogen gas?
It enters the atmosphere.
Through which method is phosphate prevented from becoming trapped in sediments.
It is absorbed by algae.
A species that helps stabilize a community is called a(n) _____ species.
KEYSTONE
The mutualistic relationship between a fungus and algae, in which the fungi possibly provide inorganic food to the algae, and the algae provide organic food to the fungus, is called a(n)
LICHEN
Which of the following would be a pioneer species?
Lichens
Which substance is usually a limiting nutrient for plants and therefore limits primary productivity?
Phosphate
Comparatively speaking, a detrital food web has (more/less) ________ energy than a grazing food web.
MORE
Select the decomposers.
Molds Mushrooms Bacteria
The relationships between flowering plants and their pollinators provide examples of which of the following?
Mutualism Coevolution
Select the choices that are involved with the success of the exotic myrtle tree in the Hawaiian Islands.
Myrtle trees have a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Myrtle trees can live on poor nutrient volcanic soil.
A species that is indigenous to an area is called a(n) _____ species.
NATIVE
This element is a gas that makes up 78% of the atmosphere and is necessary for plant growth.
Nitrogen
An organism that can consume both plants and animals is a(n) ______.
OMNIVORE
Select all of the following that may occur as a result of global climate change.
Sea levels will rise, flooding low-lying cities. Areas of the American Midwest will become arid dust bowls. Polar ice caps will melt.
True or false: Life on Earth requires a continual input of energy from an external source.
TRUE
The biome that experiences the coldest temperatures and lowest levels of precipitation is the
TUNDRA
Select the biogeochemical cycles that are gaseous.
The carbon cycle The nitrogen cycle
The interconnected paths of energy flow within an ecosystem form a food:
WEB
Which human activities alter the transfer rates in the nitrogen cycle?
Which source of chemicals is not readily available to living organisms?
A food chain shows ______.
a single path of the energy flow in an ecosystem
Which two of the following organisms are autotrophs that produce their own food?
algae plants
Which of the following are carbon reservoirs?
all but atmosphere
There are two types of ______ ecosystems: fresh water and salt water (marine).
aquatic
A scientist studies the living organisms of a community plus the physical environment where the organisms live. S/he is studying a(n) ______.
ecosystem
A nonnative species that has been introduced into a habitat where it did not evolve is called a(n) _____ speices
exotic
A nonnative species that has been introduced into a habitat where it did not evolve is called a(n) ______ species
exotic
A species that has been introduced into a new location and can cause a disruption of normal interactions within a community is called a(n) _____ species.
exotic
Because their population size is not controlled by diseases or their natural predators, ____ species compete better than _____ species, sometimes growing exponentially in numbers.
exotic native
True or false: The form of symbiosis in which both species benefit is called commensalism.
false
True or false: Global warming and resulting climate change are a result of natural cycles.
fasle
Over time, plant and animal remains can be converted into a carbon reservoir that we call ____ fuel
fossil
Select the aquatic ecosystems.
freshwater saltwater
The place where a species lives within a community is called its
habitat
The spatial area that a species occupies within the community is its
habitat
A consumer that feeds directly on plants and algae is called a(n)
herbivore
Heterotrophs that feed directly on plants and algae are called:
herbivores
Also called a consumer, an organism that cannot produce its own organic nutrients is called a _____
heterotroph
The group of organisms that require a source of preformed organic nutrients, and release CO2 into the atmosphere are called _______.
heterotrophs
What other terms can be used in place of exotic species?
invasive alien
In some communities, one species stabilizes the community by maintaining its characteristics and helping hold its web of interactions together. This species is referred to as a _____ species
keystone
The group of organisms that use only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use and for other members of the community are called
producers
Within a food chain, a consumer relies on a ______ an autotroph that can make its carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and gain its energy from either solar energy or an inorganic energy source.
producers
An organism that can take in only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for itself, and for the organisms that consume it, is a(n) ______.
qautotroph
Which source of chemicals is not readily available to living organisms?
reservoir
Which source of chemicals is not readily available to living organisms?
reservoirq
If two species reduce competition between them for a resource by dividing up the resource, for example the area of feeding, this is called ______.
resource partitioning
Identify the components of an ecological niche.
role the species plays in the community interactions with other species the species habitat
An abandoned farm, that is no longer being farmed is undergoing _____ succession
secondary
The type of ecological succession that begins in a disturbed community is called ______ succession.
secondary
An ecosystem consists of all of the _____ in a given community along with the abiotic factors.
species
Changes in the species makeup of a community over time is called ecological:
succession
A photoautotroph uses _____ energy and inorganic nutrients to make its own food.
sun
Climate change has the potential to increase human exposure to certain diseases, such as those carried by mosquitoes. This is because warming temperatures allow for an expanded range for these insects, which serve as vectors for diseases like _____ , Zika virus, chikungunya, and dengue fever.
west nile
Each level of nourishment within a food web or food chain is called a ____ level
trophic
