Chapter 34: Adaptive Immunity
100. Patients with SCID have severely reduced T cell populations but relatively normal B cell populations. true or false
false
29. T cells are so named because they mature in the thyroid. true or false
false
33. Lipopolysaccharides are a common class of T-dependent antigens. true or false
false
34. Most known superantigens are glycolipids. true or false
false
45. Pentameric IgM activates complement up to 20-fold more effectively than does the hexameric form of IgM. true or false
false
5. Most antigens are monovalent. true or false
false
6. Each antigen has one antigenic determinant site or epitope. true or false
false
39. The specific regions within the variable region of an antibody that are responsible for antibody diversity and antigen specificity are called __________ regions.
hypervariable
101. A deficiency of T-helper cells would affect both cell-mediated immunity as well as antibody production. true or false
true
98. How do cytotoxic T cells recognize that a transplant is foreign? A. Presence of different class I MHC molecules on the graft B. Presence of different class II MHC molecules on the graft C. Presence of different complement factors on the graft
A. Presence of different class I MHC molecules on the graft
87. Binding of antibody to antigen _______________ the likelihood of the antigen being phagocytized. A. increases B. decreases C. does not affect
A. increases
78. An undifferentiated CD4+ TH0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells, which include all of the following EXCEPT A. TH1 B. TH2 C. TC D. TReg E. TH17
C. TC
21. When a presented antigen fragment interacts with the T cell receptor of a helper T cell, the co-receptor that must also participate to finalize recognition is _________. A. CD4 B. CD8 C. MHC I D. All of the choices are correct.
A. CD4
18. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of _________. A. CD8 B. CD4 C. CD19 D. All of the choices are correct.
A. CD8
47. The class of immunoglobulin transferred from mother to infant during breastfeeding is _________. A. IgA B. IgD C. IgG D. IgM
A. IgA
10. The transfer of antibodies in breast milk is a good example of A. naturally acquired passive immunity. B. naturally acquired active immunity. C. artificially acquired active immunity. D. artificially acquired passive immunity.
A. naturally acquired passive immunity.
91. Self-reactive B cells are removed during embryonic development in the bone marrow through a process referred to as _____________ selection. A. negative B. positive C. clonal D. ablative
A. negative
16. Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on all of the following types of cells EXCEPT _________. A. red blood cells B. B cells C. macrophages D. dendritic cells
A. red blood cells
59. The inability of a virus to bind to its target cell as a result of antibody binding to the virus is referred to as _________. A. toxin neutralization B. adherence prevention C. viral neutralization D. cytotoxicity
C. viral neutralization
25. Cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells by A. direct killing mediated by activated oxygen species. B. the perforin pathway. C. the CD95 pathway. D. both direct killing mediated by activated oxygen species and the perforin pathway. E. both the perforin pathway and the CD95 pathway.
E. both the perforin pathway and the CD95 pathway.
40. In an antibody molecule, the __________ region mediates binding to host cells.
Fc
69. Type ___________ hypersensitivity is generally called a cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction because it results in the destruction of host cells, either by lysis or toxic mediators.
II
31. Antigens that depend on the function of T-helper cells are called __________ antigens.
T-dependent
20. Which type(s) of antigen-presenting cell can activate T cells? A. Macrophages B. B cells C. Dendritic cells D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
3. The humoral immune response defends against _________. A. bacteria B. bacterial toxins C. viruses D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
55. Which of the following is a characteristic associated with secondary antibody responses? A. Shorter lag phase B. Higher antibody titer C. Higher antibody affinity D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
7. Penicillin is a good example of a hapten. true or false
true
74. Consider the transplantation of tissue from a donor to a recipient who has a different HLA type but the same ABO blood type. Why will the recipient be likely to reject a kidney from the donor, but will not reject the blood from the donor? A. There are no Class I MHC molecules on the red blood cells in the donor blood. B. There are no Class I MHC molecules on the kidney tissue from the donor. C. There are no Class II MHC molecules on the red blood cells in the donor blood. D. There are no ABO antigens on the kidney tissue.
A. There are no Class I MHC molecules on the red blood cells in the donor blood.
17. Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on ____________ cells. A. all nucleated B. antigen-presenting C. all anucleated D. None of the choices are correct.
A. all nucleated
27. The T cell receptor is comprised of A. alpha and beta protein chains. B. a delta protein chain. C. a gamma protein chain. D. All of the choices are correct.
A. alpha and beta protein chains.
19. If a T cell that has received signal 1 for activation fails to also receive signal 2 it may become _________. A. anergic B. apoptotic C. anuclear D. cancerous
A. anergic
89. All of the following might bring about the removal or destruction of bacteria by binding to antigens on bacterial surfaces EXCEPT _________. A. antitoxins B. agglutinins C. complement-fixing antibodies D. opsonizing antibodies
A. antitoxins
14. Class I and II MHC molecules A. consists of a complex of two protein chains. B. contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket. C. consists of a complex of two protein chains and contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket. D. neither consists of a complex of two protein chains nor contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.
A. consists of a complex of two protein chains.
80. Antigen presented within Type I MHC molecules will activate T____________ cells, while antigens presented within Type II MHC molecules will activate T _____________ cells. A. cytotoxic; helper B. helper; cytotoxic C. CD4+; CD8+ D. regulatory; cytotoxic
A. cytotoxic; helper
26. In humans, the antigen-presenting cells include all of the following EXCEPT _________. A. eosinophils B. dendritic cells C. macrophages D. B cells
A. eosinophils
61. Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called _________. A. myeloma cells B. monoclonal antibodies C. lymphoma D. All of the choices are correct.
A. myeloma cells
30. The humoral immune response differs from the cell-mediated immune response in that only in the humoral immune response is there A. secretion of antibody. B. a precommitted lymphocyte. C. a clonal selection mechanism. D. the development of memory cells.
A. secretion of antibody.
1. The immune system normally discriminates between __________ antigens. A. self and nonself B. B and T cells C. humoral and cell-mediated D. primary and secondary response
A. self and nonself
86. Which of the following statements describes how antibody-binding brings about the removal of antigens? A. Antibodies directly lyse cells expressing foreign antigen, thus removing the antigen. B. Antibodies tag antigens for destruction, either via phagocytes or via complement activation. C. Antibodies directly hydrolyze antigens, destroying them. D. Antibodies bind to antigens and hasten their removal through the kidneys.
B. Antibodies tag antigens for destruction, either via phagocytes or via complement activation.
72. Which of the statements about haptens is correct? A. Haptens are usually large proteins. B. Haptens are usually small organic molecules. C. Haptens are typically lipid molecules. D. Haptens are generally large polysaccharides.
B. Haptens are usually small organic molecules.
56. Which of the following prevents some bacteria from adhering to mucosal surfaces? A. IgD B. IgA C. IgM D. IgE
B. IgA
54. Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is most abundant in serum? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM
B. IgG
83. What type of antibody is produced first after the initial exposure to antigen? A. IgA B. IgM C. IgG D. IgE E. IgD
B. IgM
51. Which of the following function(s) as the B cell antigen receptor? A. IgG B. Monomeric IgM C. IgE D. IgA
B. Monomeric IgM
90. Which of the following may result from improper activation of B cells by self antigens? A. Anergy B. Production of autoantibodies C. Production of self-reactive T cells D. Allergic reactions E. Peripheral tolerance
B. Production of autoantibodies
99. Which of the following would be the most practical treatment for agammaglobulinemia? A. Regular transfusions of whole blood B. Regular shots of gamma globulin C. Regular T cell transplants from matched donors D. Regular B cell transplants
B. Regular shots of gamma globulin
73. Which of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self?" A. The presence of Ig D molecules on cell surfaces B. The presence of class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces C. The presence of class II MHC molecules on cell surfaces D. The presence of ABO antigenic markers on cell surfaces
B. The presence of class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces
79. What determines the cell type that a given CD4+ TH0 cell will differentiate into? A. Specific antibody exposure B. Type of cytokine exposure C. Antigen exposure D. Hormones
B. Type of cytokine exposure
38. The variable domain of antibody molecules A. interacts with various cells of the immune system. B. binds target antigen. C. interacts with phagocytic cells. D. interacts with the first component of the complement system.
B. binds target antigen.
24. Superantigens exert their damaging effects by A. forming harmful antibody aggregates. B. causing the massive and non-specific release of cytokines by T cells. C. killing large numbers of phagocytic cells. D. All of the choices are correct.
B. causing the massive and non-specific release of cytokines by T cells.
4. T cells produce and secrete factors that do not directly interact with invading microorganisms but that augment the body's defense mechanisms. These molecules are called _________. A. antibodies B. cytokines C. immunogens D. augmetins
B. cytokines
46. A type of antibody light chain is the ___________ chain. A. omega B. lambda C. delta D. alpha
B. lambda
13. When an individual's immune system responds to an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities, this is called A. naturally acquired passive immunity. B. naturally acquired active immunity. C. artificially acquired active immunity. D. artificially acquired passive immunity.
B. naturally acquired active immunity.
64. Clonal deletion that removes lymphocytes that recognize any self antigens that are present is known as _________. A. positive selection B. negative selection C. neutralization D. None of the choices are correct.
B. negative selection
8. An immune complex resulting from an interaction of antibody with cells or particles which becomes large enough to settle out of solution is called a(n) A. agglutination reaction. B. precipitation reaction. C. hemagglutination. D. ouchterlony double diffusion.
B. precipitation reaction.
23. Superantigens cause A. specific activation of phagocytic cells. B. stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines. C. specific activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines. D. None of the choices are correct.
B. stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines.
35. One plasma cell can synthesize approximately __________ antibody molecules per second. A. 20,000 B. 200,000 C. 2000 D. 200
C. 2000
36. Which of the following is not true concerning T-independent B cell activation? A. Affinity maturation does not occur B. No B memory cells are formed C. B cell receptors are not involved in activation D. All of the choices are true.
C. B cell receptors are not involved in activation
50. Which of the following is not a function of the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule? A. Binding to host cells including some cells of the immune system and some phagocytic cells B. Binding to a component of the complement system C. Binding to the antigen D. All of the choices are functions of the Fc end of an immunoglobulin molecule.
C. Binding to the antigen
48. The only immunoglobulin class with members able to cross the placental barrier is _________. A. IgA B. IgM C. IgG D. IgE
C. IgG
82. What antibody predominates during secondary antigen exposures? A. IgA B. IgM C. IgG D. IgE E. IgD
C. IgG
88. What types of antigens are most susceptible to the action of precipitins? A. Antigens on bacterial surfaces B. Antigens on the surface of viral particles C. Soluble antigens D. Host cellular antigens
C. Soluble antigens
11. A vaccination is a good example of A. naturally acquired passive immunity. B. naturally acquired active immunity. C. artificially acquired active immunity. D. artificially acquired passive immunity.
C. artificially acquired active immunity.
52. The protein chains in a complete antibody molecule are connected to each other by ___________ bonds. A. peptide B. ionic C. disulfide D. None of the choices are correct.
C. disulfide
22. During activation of a T cell, the cytokine it produces to stimulate its own proliferation is _________. A. interferon gamma B. interleukin 1 C. interleukin 2 D. tumor necrosis factor
C. interleukin 2
84. Consider the genes that encode the light chain of antibody molecules in a particular mammal. There are five V regions, three J regions, and one C region. How many different light chain sequences could be formed based on combinatorial joining? A. 8 B. 2 C. 9 D. 15
D. 15
2. T cells attack A. host cells that have been parasitized by microorganisms. B. transplanted tissue cells from one host to another. C. cancer cells. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
60. Which of the following is/are true about monoclonal antibodies? A. They are made by hybridizing a myeloma cell and an activated B cell B. They recognize a specific epitope C. They are a useful tool in disease diagnosis D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
9. Adaptive immunity refers to the type of specific immunity that A. develops after exposure to antigen. B. can result from transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. C. can be induced by natural or artificial means. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
58. Which of the following is (are) involved with an antigen binding to an antibody? A. Folding of both the V(H) and V(L) regions B. Amino acids and the antigen's epitope determinant C. Noncovalent bonds D. All of these are correct.
D. All of these are correct.
96. Which of the following is a possible consequence of self reactive B cells and/or T cells in the body? A. Anergy B. Allergic reactions C. Cytokine storms D. Autoimmune diseases
D. Autoimmune diseases
70. Type _________ hypersensitivity involves delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions. A. I B. II C. III D. IV
D. IV
62. Which of the following antibodies is (are) involved in opsonization? A. IgG1 B. IgG3 C. IgD D. Only IgG1 and IgG3
D. Only IgG1 and IgG3
75. Clusters of differentiation (CDs) molecules are used to differentiate, classify, and name different cells of the immune system. Where are these molecules located? A. Cytoplasm B. Endoplasmic Reticulum C. Nucleus D. Plasma membrane E. Blood Plasma
D. Plasma membrane
49. Which enzyme inserts nucleotides at the V-J junction to add further diversity? A. DNA polymerase B. RAG enzymes C. Reverse transcriptase D. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
D. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
77. Due to a genetic defect, an individual is unable to make T cytotoxic cells. Predict the most likely consequence. A. The individual will not be able to synthesize any antibodies. B. The individual will have SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease). C. The person will have frequent infections caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. D. The person will not be able to adequately fight viral infections and infections caused by intracellular bacteria.
D. The person will not be able to adequately fight viral infections and infections caused by intracellular bacteria.
66. Which type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated? A. Type IV B. Type III C. Type II D. Type I
D. Type I
53. The secondary immune response is typically stronger than the primary response because __________ during the secondary response. A. all classes of immunoglobulins are active B. both B and T cells are activated C. the antigen is weakened by the primary response D. a larger population of lymphocytes reactive to antigen has developed
D. a larger population of lymphocytes reactive to antigen has developed
12. Botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning is an example of A. naturally acquired passive immunity. B. naturally acquired active immunity. C. artificially acquired active immunity. D. artificially acquired passive immunity.
D. artificially acquired passive immunity.
57. Antibodies A. can bind to an immunogen. B. can target the immunogen for destruction. C. are part of the nonspecific immune response. D. both can bind to an immunogen and can target the immunogen for destruction. E. both can bind to an immunogen and are part of the nonspecific immune response.
D. both can bind to an immunogen and can target the immunogen for destruction
15. The major histocompatibility complex directs the production of proteins called A. class I. B. class II. C. class IV. D. both class I and class II. E. both class I and class IV.
D. both class I and class II.
95. All of the following are the result of B cell maturation and activation EXCEPT A. memory cells are produced. B. plasma cells are produced. C. antibody is produced. D. macrophages are activated.
D. macrophages are activated.
68. Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve A. the activation of mast cells. B. a cytotoxic reaction. C. delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions. D. the formation of immune complexes. E. All of the choices are correct.
D. the formation of immune complexes
81. All of the following events occur during T-dependent activation of a B cell EXCEPT A. an antigenic fragment held within an MCH Class II molecule of a dendritic cell binds to a specific T cell receptor on a naïve T-helper cell. B. antigen binds to specific B cell receptor molecules. C. antigen bound to the B cell receptor is internalized and transferred to an MHC class II molecule which then moves to the plasma membrane. D. antigen within MCH class II molecule is presented by B cell to an activated T helper cell. E. specific cytokines from the T helper cells stimulate maturation and complete activation of the antigen-stimulated B cell. F. There are no exceptions. All of these events occur during T-depedent activation of B cells.
F. There are no exceptions. All of these events occur during T-depedent activation of B cells.
42. The changeover in production from IgM to IgG by an activated B cell is called a __________ __________ event.
class switching
41. In an antibody molecule, each loop of approximately 60 amino acids is called a __________.
domain
63. T-cell tolerance induced in the thymus and B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is called peripheral tolerance. true or false
false
71. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal. true or false
false
43. The __________ chains are structurally distinct for each immunoglobulin class.
heavy
76. CD4 molecules are found on T ____________ cells, whereas CD8 molecules are characteristic of T___________ cells.
helper; cytotoxic
67. __________ anaphylaxis is referred to as an atopic reaction.
localized
93. In addition to the clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells that occurs during embryonic development, autoreactivity of T cells and B cells is also inhibited by T ______________ cells.
regulatory or cytotoxic or anergic or helper
65. Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens, while "tolerating" _________ ________.
self antigens
32. Molecules that stimulate T cells to proliferate nonspecifically, causing the release of massive quantities of cytokines, which, in turn, can lead to tissue damage are called __________.
superantigens
28. T-cell receptors can only recognize antigens on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells; they cannot bind free antigen. true or false
true
44. If the clonal selection theory is correct, there exists at least one lymphocyte capable of synthesizing an antibody specific to each antigen prior to exposure to the antigen. true or false
true
85. There is more diversity in heavy chains resulting from combinatorial joining than is seen in light chains. true or false
true
92. Immune tolerance of some self antigens need only be maintained in the T cell population because certain B cells can't become activated without the help of T cells. true or false
true