Chapter 34: The Plant Body

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adventitious roots

"arriving from outside"; the roots of a typical monocot; form a fibrous root system composed of numerous thin roots; have large surface areas for the absorption of water and minerals

node, internode, axillary buds

Each phytomer in the shoot consists of a _____ carrying one or more leaves; an ______, which is teh interval of stem between two nodes; and one or more _____ ____, each of which forms the angle where a leaf meets the stem.

threes, fours, fives

Monocot flowers have parts that occur in _____; eudicots have floral parts that occur in ______ or ______.

radicle

embryonic root from which angiosperm root systems develop

stomatal guard cells

epidermal cell that form stomata for gas exchange in leaves

trichomes

epidermal cell; leaf hairs that provide protection against insects and damaging solar radiation

root hairs

epidermal cells that greatly increase root surface area

secondary cell wall

forms in some plant cells when cell expansion stops; internal to primary cell wall

collenchyma

ground tissue system cells resemble parenchyme cells that have been modified to provide flexible support

sclerenchyma

ground tissue system cells that have thickened secondary walls that enable the cells to perform their major function: support

middle lamella

ground tissue system layer of pectin that cements adjacent plant cells together

parenchyma

ground tissue system most common cell type in plants; have large vacuoles and thin walls consisting of a primary wall and the shared middle lamella

primary growth

growth characterized by cell division followed by cell enlargement results in proliferation and lengthening of shoots and roots

determinate

growth that ceases when the adult state is reached; occurs in animals

secondary growth

growth that increases plant sickness; usually in woody plants

growth

increase in body size

vessel elements

individual cells that are a water-conducting system made up of vessels in flowering plants

cotyledon

leaf in the embryo; monocots only have one, whereas eudicots have two

lignin

major component of wood; complex, carbon-containing polymer that forms a hydrophobic matrix; strong, waterproof, and resistant to digestion by animals; second most abundant polymer on earth

apical meristems

meristems found at the tips of shoots and roots and allow plants to continue growing throughout their lives

floral meristems

meristems that develop into flowers

primary meristems

meristems that give rise to the three major tissue systems; meristems that produce the tissues of the primary plant body

vegetative meristems

meristems that give rise to vegetative tissue; also known as shoot apical meristems

inflorescence meristems

meristems that help the transformation of shoot apical meristems

lateral meristems

meristems that orchestrate secondary growth

inderterminate

open-ended growth; lifelong process growth of shoots and roots in plants

epidermis

outer covering of a plant

stems

part of shoot system that hold and display the leaves to the sun and provide connections for the transport of materials between roots and leaves

shoot system

plant organ system consists of the stems, leaves, and flowers

root system

plant organ system that anchors the plant in place, absorbs water and dissolved minerals, and stores the products of photosynthesis from the shoot system

stomata

pores in leaves

taproot

primary root that extends downward by tip growth and outward by initiating lateral roots; form taproot system

cuticle

protective extracellular layer secreted by epidermal cells; made up of cutin, a complex mixture of waxes, and cell wall polysaccharides

root cap

protects the delicate delicate growing region of the root as it pushes through the soil

meristems

regions of undifferentiated cells where cell division occurs; like stem cells in animals to replace tissues lost through damage or apoptosis

phytomers

repeating modules that make up shoots and roots

prop roots

roots that support aboveground growth

sources

sites of production of carbohydrates

sinks

sites of utilization or storage of carbs formed by sources

companion cells

specialized parenchyma cells that retain all their organelles and function as "life support systems" for the sieve tube elements

tracheids

spindle-shaped; major cell type in the wood of gymnosperms

determination

the commitment of cells to their ultimate fates

terminal bud

the end of a stem or branch that is distinguished from the axillary buds

cortex

the ground meristem gives rise to the region of ground tissue that is many cells thick and internal to the epidermis

endodermis

the innermost layer of the cortex; control the movement of water and dissolved mineral ions into and out of the vascular tissue system

morphogenesis

the organization of cells into tissues and organs

mesophyll

the photosynthetic parenchyma tissue in leaves; can form an upper layer (palisade) and lower layer (spongy)

tonoplast

the vacuolar membrane

primary cell wall

the wall of a growing plant cell

dermal, ground, and vascular

three tissue systems of plants

dermal tissue system

tissue system that forms the epidermis of a plant and usually consists of a single cell layer

vascular tissue system

tissue system that provides the pant's plumbing, or transport system; composed of xylem and phloem

root system and shoot system

two systems of plant organs

fibers

type of sclerenchyma cells that are often organized into bundles and provide relatively rigid support to wood, bark, and other parts of the plant

sclereids

type of sclerenchyma cells that pack together densely, as in a nut's shell or some seed coats

stele

vascular cylinder within the endodermis

xylem

vascular tissue system; distributes water and mineral ions taken up by the roots to all the cells of the stems and leaves

phloem

vascular tissue system; performs a variety of functions, including transport, support, and storage; transports carbs away from sources

pericycle

within the endodermis; consists of one or more layers of relatively undifferentiated cells; has the tissue within which lateral roots arise, contributes to secondary growth, and contain membrane transport proteins that export nutrient ions into the cells of the xylem

central vacuole

account for up to 90% of a cell's volume; single watery sac in mature plant cells containing a high concentration of solutes, including enzymes, amino acids, and sugars produced by photosynthesis

bark

all the tissues external to the vascular cambium

ground tissue system

all tissue lying between the dermal tissue and the vascular tissue in both shoots and roots; makes up most of the plant body

bud

an undeveloped shoot that can develop further to produce another leaf, a phytomer, a flower, or a flowering stem

root apical meristem

at the other end of the axis; contains undifferentiated cells that will continue to divide to give rise to the organs that will develop during the life of the plant

shoot apical meristem

between the cotyledons in shoots; contains undifferentiated cells that will continue to divide to give rise to the organs that will develop during the life of the plant

leaf primordia

bulges that develop on the sides of the shoot apical meristem at regular intervals

cork cambium

cambium that produces mainly waxy-walled protective cells; supplies some of the cells taht become barkwood

differentiation

cell specialization

initials

cells that perpetuate the meristems

sieve tube elements

characteristic cells of the phloem in flowering plants

leaves

chief organs of photosynthesis; part of shoot system

wood

complete cylinder of secondary xylem

tracheary elements

conducting cells in xylem tissue that have secondary cell walls and undergo apoptosis before assuming their function of transporting water and dissolved materials; contains tracheids and vessel elements

vascular bundles

contains both xylem and phloem; scattered in monocots, forms a cylinder in eudicots

vascular cambium

cylindrical layer of tissue consisting predominantly of elongated cells that divide frequenctly

periderm

dermal tissue developed by the stems and roots of woody plants


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