Chapter 34.1-34.7 Deuterostomes

Which of the following are challenges faced by vertebrates moving from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment?

Preventing their body from drying out Supplying large amounts of oxygen to their muscles for movement on land Carrying out reproduction in water to prevent eggs from drying out

Which of the following are major groups of bony fish?

Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii

What organisms are in the class Asteroidea?

Sea stars

Which of the following echinoderms has ossicles that form a rigid shell?

Sea urchins Sand dollars

Identify the the reproductive process of modern reptiles.

Sexual, internal fertilization

Identify the type of blood circulation that is found in fish.

Single-loop

Which of the following features enabled the dominance of sharks during the Carboniferous period:

Streamlined paired fins Granules of calcium carbonate in the cartilaginous skeleton A modification of the gill arches that reinforced the lower jaw

Identify the structures found in crocodiles.

Strong necks Nostrils on top of their snouts Eyes on top of their heads Lungs

Which of the following groups is characterized by the presence of four membranes in the embryonic development and includes the mammals, crocodiles, turtles, birds, snakes, and lizards?

The animotes

When did sharks and bony fish first evolve?

The early Devonian (400 mya)

Which describes sharks' teeth?

The teeth have evolved from rough scales on the skin. The teeth are not firmly anchored and are easily lost.

Which of the following accurately describes the purpose of calcium carbonate deposits in the outer layers of a shark's skeleton?

They "calcify" its cartilaginous skeleton

Which of the following is true of both of the nonvertebrate chordates Urochordata and Cephalochordata?

They have a notochord.

Identify the ways that show that crocodiles are more related to birds than to other living reptiles.

They have four-chambered hearts. They build nests and care for their young.

In echinoderms, the hydraulic system that aids in movement and feeding is called which of the following?

Water-vascular system

Birds, mammals, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles form a group known as the united by the fact that they all possess the same pattern of four embryonic membranes.

amniotes

were the first terrestrial vertebrates.

amphibians

At the base of each tube foot in most echinoderms there is a muscular sac called the

ampulla

Identify the three orders of amphibians:

anura caudata apoda

In echinoderms, the larvae are symmetrical, and the adults are symmetrical.

bilaterally pentaradially

Lancelets, which are members of the subphylum are small, marine chordates.

cephalochordata

The postanal tail in human embryos regresses forming the tailbone which is also known as the

coccyx

Animals depending on outside sources for body heat are called whereas animals that generate their own heat are called

ectothermic endothermic

Organisms with spiny skin that exhibit pentaradial symmetry as adults, and have an endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates, make up what phylum?

enhinoderms echinodermata

All but one pair of pharyngeal pouches is lost in the human embryo. The remaining one forms the that connect the throat to the middle ear.

eustachian tubes

Sharks became dominant during the Carboniferous period due to a combination of several features. Sharks evolved an improved structure, in which the upper part of the first gill arch became a reinforcing strut. Likewise, the skeleton of sharks was reinforced to make it both light and strong.

jaw cartilage

Cephalochordates, or are small marine chordates.

lanceletes

The skeleton of a shark is made of cartilage interspersed with granules of calcium carbonate. Relative to other types of skeletons, this particular composition results in a skeleton which is particularly

light and strong

Water enters the water-vascular system of echinoderms through a a sieve-like plate.

madreporite

A hypothetical version of the earliest vertebrates likely looked like a flattened hot dog, with a at one end and a at the other.

mouth fin

The endoskeleton of echinoderms is composed of calcium carbonate plates called

ossicles

The two major groups of bony fish are the finned fishes and the finned fishes.

ray lobe

The of Chondrichthyans is made of cartilage, as opposed to bone.

skeleton

Bony fish have a bony and a skin covered in plates or

skeleton scales

have chordate larval forms, which metamorphose into sessile, filter-feeding adults that bear little resemblance to other chordates.

tunicates

Nonvertebrate chordates do not form or other bones.

vertebrae

The notochord in the human embryo is replaced by the

vertebral column

In echinoderms, a hydraulic system called the vascular system aids in movement and feeding.

water

Freshwater turtles have toes and in marine turtles their forelimbs have evolved into

webbed flippers

Crocodiles, birds and mammals have how many chambers in their hearts?

4

Which of the following are found in vertebrates, but not tunicates or lancelets?

A distinct head Vertebrae Neural crest cells

The echinoderm shown in this photograph is a member of which of the following classes?

Asteroidea

Which of the following evolved in the early Devonian period (400 mya)?

Bony fishes Sharks

Sharks, as well as skates and rays, have a cartilaginous skeleton. Which of the following correctly describes how this skeleton is "calcified"?

By integrating granules of calcium carbonate into the outer layers of cartilage

What is the chemical composition of the endoskeleton of echinoderms?

CaCO3

The skeleton of Chondrichthyans is made of which of the following?

Cartilage

Unlike tunicates and lancelets, vertebrates have which of the following?

Certain Internal organs An endoskeleton

Members of this phylum are characterized by a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a postanal tail.

Chordata

Choose all features typical of most bony fishes.

Completely symmetrical tails Internal skeleton made of bone Highly mobile fins

Which of the following are characteristics of echinoderms?

Deuterostome developments Endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates Adults have pentaradial symmetry

Which of the following groups has the most species of vertebrates?

Fishes

Which of the following statements best describes symmetry in echinoderms?

Free-swimming larvae have bilateral symmetry, while the adult form is pentaradially symmetrical

It is thought that the first vertebrates evolved where?

In the ocean during the Cambrian period

Which of the following are key (defining) features of jawed fishes?

Internal gills A vertebral column Single-loop circulation Paired appendages Nutritional deficiencies

Which of the following is not one of the five key features of fish?

Internal organs

Why is the amniotic egg considered to be a "key innovation"?

It liberated developing eggs from water.

The shark jaw is considered to be much improved over the more primitive jaw of spiny fishes because of which of the following?

It was fused to the skull.

Which of the following are key features that characterize amphibians?

Lungs Pulmonary veins Legs Cutaneous respiration Partially divided heart

Which of the following are features of bony fishes?

Most have a scale-covered skin All have a bony skeleton

Which of the following are challenges amphibians had to overcome when adapting to a life on land?

Obtaining enough oxygen without using gills Delivering enough oxygen to muscles needed for land movement Moving a large body mass without being buoyant in water Needing water to complete the reproduction cycle Prevent body from drying out

Which of the following are the four features that characterize all chordates?

Presence of a postanal tail Presence of pharyngeal slits or pouches in the embryo Presence of a notochord during embryonic development Presence of a single, hollow nerve cord

Of the following challenges faced by vertebrates moving from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, which one was the most important?

Preventing the body from drying out

How many teeth do turtles and tortoises have?

0

Approximately how many species of reptiles are there?

10,000

A fish heart contains how many chambers?

2

In addition to the presence of legs, all amphibians share several key characteristics. All amphibians can exchange gases through their In addition, many amphibians breathe by forcing air into a pair of Aerated blood is pumped through the veins, and returned to a partially divided to be pumped to the rest of the body.

skin lungs pulmonary heart

The shark jaw was much improved over the more primitive jaw of spiny fishes, with the upper jaw fused to the which in turn was hinged to the shoulder.

skull

During the period, moist-skinned amphibians successfully invade the wet habitats world wide.

tertiary

Despite how different their sessile, filter-feeding adult forms seem, larval clearly display chordate features.

tunicates