Chapter 35: Assessment of Immune Function
A nursing instructor is giving a lecture on the immune system. The instructor's discussion on phagocytosis will include:
Neutrophils and monocytes
When obtaining a health history from a patient with possible abnormal immune function, what question would be a priority for the nurse to ask?
"Have you ever received a blood transfusion?"
This type of T lymphocyte is responsible for altering the cell membrane and initiating cellular lysis. Choose the T lymphocyte.
Cytotoxic T cell
Which of the following protective responses begin with the B lymphocytes?
Humoral
An adult client has had mumps when the client was a child. The client had a titer prior to entering nursing school and shows immunity. What type of immunity does this reflect?
Naturally acquired active immunity
What are the primary participants in the immune system?
T- and B- cell lymphocytes
The nurse is administering a skin test for detection of exposure to tuberculosis. How would the nurse determine if the client was exposed to tuberculosis?
The injection area swells if the client has developed antibodies against the antigen.
A nurse is explaining treatment options to a client diagnosed with an immune dysfunction. Which statement by the client accurately reflects the teaching about current stem cell research?
"Stem cell transplantation has been carried out in humans with certain types of immune dysfunction, and clinical trials using stem cells are underway in clients with a variety of disorders with an autoimmune component."
A client has had a kidney transplant performed for end-stage kidney disease. What type of immune response that T-cell lymphocytes perform is related to this type of surgery?
A cell-mediated response
Which of the following is a medical condition that is an example of a humoral immune response?
Asthma
Which of the following cell types are involved in humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
What types of cells are the primary targets of the healthy immune system? Select all that apply.
Foreign cells Infectious cells Cancer cells
A patient tells the nurse, "I can't believe I have ineffective immune function and am getting sick again. I exercise rigorously and compete regularly." What is the best response by the nurse?
"Rigorous exercise can cause negative effects on immune response."
A client is informed that his white blood cell count is low and that he is at risk for the development of infections. The client asks, "Where do I make new white blood cells?" What is the best response by the nurse?
"White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow."
A client comes into the emergency department reporting difficulty walking and loss of muscle control in the arms. Once the nurse begins the physical examination, which assessment should be completed if an immune dysfunction in the neurosensory system is suspected?
Assess for ataxia using the finger-to-nose test and heel-to-shin test
What type of immunoglobulin does the nurse recognize that promotes the release of vasoa ctive chemicals such as histamine when a client is having an allergic reaction?
IgE
A client is diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). After recovering from the initial shock of the diagnosis, the client expresses a desire to learn as much as possible about HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). When teaching the client about the immune system, the nurse states that humoral immunity is provided by which type of white blood cell?
Lymphocyte
Which type of immunity becomes active as a result of infection by a specific microorganism?
Naturally acquired active immunity
A laboring mother asks the nurse if the baby will have immunity to some illnesses when born. What type of immunity does the nurse understand that the newborn will have?
Passive immunity transferred by the mother
A client is treated in the clinic for a sexually transmitted infection, and the nurse suspects that the client is at risk for HIV. The physician determines that the client should be tested for the virus. What responsibility does the nurse have?
The nurse ensures a written consent is obtained prior to testing.
A client arrives at the clinic and reports a very sore throat as well as a fever. A rapid strep test returns a positive result and the client is given a prescription for an antibiotic. How did the streptococcal organism gain access to the client to cause this infection?
Through the mucous membranes of the throat
The nurse is instructing clients about the importance of taking the shingles vaccine. Which client would benefit from this vaccine?
A 65-year-old client who had chicken pox when he was 12 years old
A client undergoing a skin test has been intradermally injected with a disease-specific antigen on the inner forearm. The client becomes anxious because the area begins to swell. Which technique may be used to decrease anxiety in this client?
Assure the client that this is a normal reaction
An experiment is designed to determine specific cell types involved in cell-mediated immune response. The experimenter is interested in finding cells that attack the antigen directly by altering the cell membrane and causing cell lysis. Which cells should be isolated?
Cytotoxic T cells
An older adult client who is postmenopausal informs the nurse that she believes she has developed another urinary tract infection (UTI). What risk factors do female clients in this age group have? Select all that apply.
Estrogen deficiency Urinary incontinence Residual urine
Proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents that are capable of activating other components of the immune system are referred to as
Interferons
A child is brought to the clinic with a rash. The child is diagnosed with measles. The mother tells the nurse that she had the measles when she was a little girl. What immunity to measles develops after the initial infection?
Naturally acquired active immunity
The nurse is caring for a client recovering from a major burn. Burns affect the immune system by causing a loss of large amounts of which of the following?
Serum, which depletes the body's store of immunoglobulins
Which statement accurately reflects current stem cell research?
The stem cell is known as a precursor cell that continually replenishes the body's entire supply of both red and white cells.
The spleen acts as a filter for old red blood cells, holding a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock. It is also an area where lymphocytes can concentrate. It can become enlarged (splenomegaly) in certain hematologic disorders and cancers. To assess an enlarged spleen, the nurse would palpate the area of the:
Upper left quadrant of the abdomen.
A nurse is taking the health history of a newly admitted client. Which of the following conditions would NOT place the client at risk for impaired immune function?
Surgical removal of the appendix
A client will be receiving a hepatitis B vaccination series prior to employment in a dialysis center. What type of immunity will this provide?
Artificially acquired active immunity
The nurse is caring for a patient in the hospital who is receiving a vitamin D supplement. What does the nurse understand is the importance of supplementation with this vitamin? Select all that apply.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of autoimmune disease. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of common cancers. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of inflammatory disorders.
A patient has enlarged lymph nodes in his neck and a sore throat. This inflammatory response is an example of a cellular immune response whereby:
Lymphocytes migrate to areas of the lymph node
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Programs T lymphocytes to become regulator or effector T cells.
A client with chronic renal failure has begun treatment with a colony-stimulating factor. What medication does the nurse anticipate administering to the client that will promote the production of blood cells?
Epoetin alfa (Epogen)
The body has several mechanisms to fight disease, one of which is sending chemical messengers. The messengers released by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages have differing roles in the immune response. Which messenger enables cells to resist viral replication and slow viral replication?
Interferons
A 20-year-old client cut a hand while replacing a window. While reviewing the complete blood count (CBC) with differential, the nurse would expect which cell type to be elevated first in an attempt to prevent infection in the client's hand?
Neutrophils
A client has been diagnosed with AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). A nursing student asks the nurse why the client's skin test for TB is negative if the client's physician has diagnosed TB. The nurse's correct reply is which of the following?
The client's immune system cannot mount a response to the skin test.