Chapter 37

24) Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever? A) Aspirin reduces the fever and therefore decreases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells. B) Aspirin reduces the production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest. C) Aspirin reduces the fever and stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response. D) Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued.

A) Aspirin reduces the fever and therefore decreases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.

20) Aspirin reduces fevers;however, many physicians do NOT recommend aspirin to patients with a low-grade fever. Why not? A) Fevers reduce bacterial reproduction rates. B) Aspirin increases the release of pyrogens. C) Aspirin increases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells. D) Fevers decrease the amount of interferon produced by the body.

A) Fevers reduce bacterial reproduction rates.

35) Which of the following antibody types is the most common in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid? A) IgG B) IgE C) IgA D) IgM E) IgD

A) IgG

48) How does a cell "inform" the immune system that it is infected with a virus? A) It displays viral proteins on its membrane. B) It synthesizes enzymes that activate helper T cells. C) It secretes steroid hormones. D) It produces interferon. E) It releases histamine into the bloodstream.

A) It displays viral proteins on its membrane.

39) The constant region of an antibody A) determines where the antibody is located and its role in the immune response. B) recognizes and binds to the antigen. C) has no function. D) stimulates the production of macrophages and T-cells.

A) determines where the antibody is located and its role in the immune response.

18) Natural killer cells prevent viral infection by A) enzymatically destroying virus-infected cells. B) ingesting the viruses and digesting them. C) phagocytizing cells that are infected with a virus. D) secreting proteins that punch holes in viral plasma membranes.

A) enzymatically destroying virus-infected cells.

55) The recent appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is an example of A) evolution by natural selection. B) the action of memory cells. C) natural immunity. D) inflammation.

A) evolution by natural selection.

27) Interferon A) helps cells resist viral infection. B) causes fever. C) causes inflammation. D) kills bacteria.

A) helps cells resist viral infection.

17) Pyrogens are produced by phagocytic white blood cells in response to infection. Pyrogens A) initiate an increase in body temperature. B) increase the concentration of iron in the blood. C) relax the smooth muscle of arterioles delivering blood to the site of infection. D) kill bacteria by digesting their cell walls. E) are the chemicals that triggers an inflammatory response.

A) initiate an increase in body temperature.

28) Most specialized immune cells are located in the A) lymph nodes. B) gall bladder. C) thyroid gland. D) hypothalamus.

A) lymph nodes.

61) Allergies occur when A) mast cells release histamine in response to harmless substances. B) too much complement is released into the blood. C) antibodies malfunction and attack "self" cells. D) foreign MHC proteins trigger an immune response.

A) mast cells release histamine in response to harmless substances.

33) Antibodies are A) protein molecules. B) amino acid molecules. C) produced by T cells. D) derived from vitamins. E) carbohydrate molecules.

A) protein molecules.

26) Fever is caused by A) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus. B) decreased white blood cell count in the bloodstream. C) increased blood flow to the brain. D) the release of histamine by damaged cells.

A) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus.

44) Individual B cells produce A) their own unique antibody. B) an infinite diversity of antibodies. C) several different types of antibodies. D) the antibodies specified by its constant region gene.

A) their own unique antibody.

54) Antibiotics are NOT effective against A) viruses. B) protists. C) fungi. D) bacteria.

A) viruses

45) Some of the daughter cells resulting from clonal selection of a B cell differentiate into plasma cells. Which of these is a function of plasma cells? A) They act as natural killer cells and destroy cancer cells. B) They produce specific antibodies and release them into the blood. C) They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. D) They transform into helper T cells and bind to antigens displayed by a dendritic cell.

B) They produce specific antibodies and release them into the blood.

34) Where on the Y-shaped antibody does an antigen bind? A) Stem of the Y B) Tip of the arm C) Constant region of the light chain D) Constant region of the heavy chain

B) Tip of the arm

41) Clonal selection occurs when A) natural selection favors specific white blood cells and they multiply rapidly. B) antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply. C) antibodies that are the most common become cloned. D) scientists clone antibodies for specific diseases and use them to prepare vaccines. E) daughter cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells.

B) antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply.

58) Vaccinations protect against future exposure to disease organisms by A) stimulating suppressor T cells. B) forming memory cells. C) increasing the number of red blood cells. D) increasing complement proteins.

B) forming memory cells.

10) "Big eater" cells that ingest and destroy microbes are A) T cells. B) macrophages. C) natural killer cells. D) mast cells. E) plasma cells.

B) macrophages.

53) Vaccinations are effective because they stimulate the production of ________ cells. A) helper T B) memory C) cytotoxic T D) plasma

B) memory

1) All bacteria and viruses are A) pathogens. B) microbes. C) antibodies. D) plasma cells. E) causes of cancer.

B) microbes.

21) Macrophages A) cannot squeeze through capillary walls. B) phagocytize invading microbes C) produce proteins that digest bacterial cell walls. D) are large, ciliated cells found in tears, saliva, and mucus. E) release chemicals that initiate blood clotting.

B) phagocytize invading microbes

30) ________ cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow. A) Cytotoxic T B) Memory C) B D) Helper T

C) B

4) Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are A) natural killer cells. B) dendritic cells. C) B cells. D) T cells. E) mast cells.

C) B cells.

59) Who first performed vaccinations by inoculating children with cowpox virus to provide immunity against smallpox? A) Milkmaids B) Louis Pasteur C) Edward Jenner D) Lady Montague

C) Edward Jenner

52) You were sick with the flu last winter. Why then does your doctor suggest you be vaccinated against the flu this year? A) The virus blocked your immune system's ability to produce memory cells. B) The virus inactivates helper T cells. C) Flu viruses mutate rapidly. D) Surviving the flu one year inhibits the immune system the second year.

C) Flu viruses mutate rapidly.

56) Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. You are a doctor studying the evolution of bacterial resistance to triclosan. You need to find a population of nonresistant bacteria. Where should you look? A) In areas where triclosan-containing products are used frequently B) In areas with low percentages of bacterial infection C) In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used D) In areas where bacteria are usually not found

C) In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used

13) These white blood cells kill virus-infected cells exhibiting "non-self" major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. A) Dendritic cells B) Neutrophils C) Natural killer cells D) Macrophages E) Plasma cells

C) Natural killer cells

12) How does the skin act as a barrier to microbial invasion? A) Dendritic cells patrol the skin's surface, producing secretions that inhibit microbe growth. B) It releases B cells and T cells to fight infections. C) Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions inhibit bacterial growth. D) Dead skin cells are packed with keratin, an antibacterial protein that punches holes in bacterial membranes.

C) Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions inhibit bacterial growth.

65) Would you expect someone with AIDS to have inflammation and/or a fever in response to an infection? A) Yes, because HIV does not affect the specific immune response. B) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the specific immune response. C) Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses. D) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the nonspecific defenses.

C) Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses.

22) Natural killer cells A) engulf and destroy invading bacteria. B) produce secretions that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. C) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses. D) are located on the surface of the skin. E) are a type of lymphocyte.

C) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses.

32) MHC proteins A) are released by T cells during an infection to kill virus-infected cells. B) cause cancer. C) help white blood cells distinguish "self" from "non-self." D) control antibody gene expression.

C) help white blood cells distinguish "self" from "non-self."

63) HIV selectively destroys A) all B and T cells. B) memory B cells. C) helper T cells. D) plasma cells. E) cytotoxic T cells.

C) helper T cells.

9) The skin inhibits bacterial growth by releasing A) white blood cells. B) lysozyme. C) lactic acid. D) macrophages. E) T cells.

C) lactic acid.

51) Last summer a bee stung you for the first time. You developed only a small area of redness and swelling at the site. However, if you are stung again and have a severe reaction that occurs more rapidly, you know that this is due to the activation of A) cytotoxic T cells. B) complement. C) memory cells. D) helper T cells. E) tissue macrophages.

C) memory cells.

38) Antibodies are attached to the surface of a B cell by A) mucus. B) the light chain of the arm of the antibody. C) the stem of the antibody. D) the heavy chain of the arm of the antibody. E) sticky proteins produced by T cells.

C) the stem of the antibody.

29) Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow? A) T cells B) Red blood cells C) B cells D) Both B and T cells E) B cells, T cells, and red blood cells

D) Both B and T cells

60) Why are new flu shots necessary every year? A) The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months. B) Flu shots do not result in the production of memory cells. C) Depending on the year, either bacteria or viruses cause the flu. D) Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.

D) Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.

8) Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses? A) He won't get sick because the specific defenses will kill invading pathogens. B) He won't get sick because the external barriers will keep out pathogens. C) Invading microbes will be able to enter through the respiratory tract. D) He will have many more infections than normal.

D) He will have many more infections than normal.

3) Which of the following immune system cells produce histamine? A) Neutrophils B) T cells C) B cells D) Mast cells E) Macrophages

D) Mast cells

43) Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood? A) Memory B) Cytotoxic T C) Helper T D) Plasma

D) Plasma

31) Foreign proteins that bind to an antibody are called A) histamines. B) cytotoxins. C) interferons. D) antigens.

D) antigens.

46) Complement is a collection of A) antibiotics. B) nonspecific antigens. C) antibodies. D) blood proteins that assist antibodies. E) phagocytic cells that consume virus-infected body cells.

D) blood proteins that assist antibodies.

6) Nonspecific internal defenses include A) skin. B) plasma cells. C) T cells. D) inflammation. E) tears and saliva.

D) inflammation.

14) Inflammation occurs in response to chemicals, such as histamine, secreted by A) T cells. B) plasma cells. C) natural killer cells. D) mast cells. E) neutrophils.

D) mast cells.

64) When AIDS patients die, it is because A) HIV destroys the internal organs. B) they lack HIV antibodies. C) the AIDS virus has a high rate of mutation. D) their immune systems cannot defend them from other infections. E) there are no treatments to slow the progress of the disease.

D) their immune systems cannot defend them from other infections.

83) As a doctor, you discover a new virus that prevents the body from creating memory cells. Based on what you know about human defenses against disease, you predict that this virus is infecting and destroying which type of white blood cell? A) Natural killer cells B) Mast cells C) Macrophages D) Dendritic cells E) Lymphocytes

E) Lymphocytes

11) Which of the following is NOT part of the body's first line of defense against microbial attack? A) Stomach acid B) Lysozyme C) Mucus D) Skin E) Phagocytes

E) Phagocytes

40) Antibodies are most similar in structure to A) bacteria. B) macrophages. C) B-cell receptors. D) viruses. E) T-cell receptors.

E) T-cell receptors.

47) The primary function of cell-mediated immunity is to A) protect the body against extracellular parasites. B) increase the number of macrophages. C) promote the production of antibodies. D) decrease the amount of complement. E) destroy cancerous or virus-infected host cells.

E) destroy cancerous or virus-infected host cells.

57) Vaccinations involve injecting ________ into the person or animal. A) antibiotics B) antibodies against the disease C) the disease itself D) antibodies against similar diseases E) weakened or killed microbes

E) weakened or killed microbes

68) Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier;however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

FALSE

71) Antibodies are nonspecific.

FALSE

72) All B cells produce the same type of antibodies.

FALSE

73) IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE are types of white blood cells.

FALSE

74) Antibodies and T-cell receptors are both produced by B cells.

FALSE

76) The rejection of a transplanted kidney is due to a humoral immune response.

FALSE

79) HIV may be transmitted from one individual to another by holding hands.

FALSE

81) Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.

FALSE

16) How does histamine contribute to the inflammatory response? A) It makes capillaries less leaky. B) It increases warmth at the site of infection. C) It decreases blood flow to the injured area. D) It attracts macrophages to the site of infection. E) It causes fever.

B) It increases warmth at the site of infection.

19) Which of the following is a consequence of histamine release? A) Initiation of blood clotting B) Leaky capillary walls C) Decreased blood flow D) Constriction of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles

B) Leaky capillary walls

36) The proteins that must be matched as closely as possible between an organ donor and a recipient are the ________ proteins. A) antibody B) MHC C) cytokine D) clotting factor

B) MHC

5) ________ are white blood cells that attack cancer cells. A) Neutrophils B) Natural killer cells C) Microphages D) Macrophages E) Mast cells

B) Natural killer cells

15) Which of the following defense cells are able to squeeze through the intact walls of capillaries into the tissues to attack and ingest invading microbes? A) Lymphocytes B) Phagocytes C) Mast cells D) B cells E) Natural killer cells

B) Phagocytes

37) What are antibodies? A) Cells that undergo apoptosis B) Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins C) Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins D) Bacteria E) Viruses

B) Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins

42) Which of the following provides cell-mediated immunity? A) Red blood cells B) T cells C) Antibodies D) B cells

B) T cells

Based on this scenario and what you know about the immune system, what can you conclude about the Native American and European populations? A) Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. B) The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases. C) Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. D) Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes.

A) Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes

67) Cancer cells form in our bodies every day. How does the immune system destroy them? A) Natural killer and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cancer cells as foreign and attack them. B) Immune secretions, such as interferon, disrupt the DNA of the cancer cells. C) Fevers slow the replication of cancerous cells. D) The immune system cannot destroy cancer cells. E) Antibodies attach to the cancer cells and then macrophages engulf them.

A) Natural killer and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cancer cells as foreign and attack them.

25) ________ are substances that induce fever. A) Pyrogens B) Cytokines C) MHC proteins D) Interferons

A) Pyrogens

2) Which of the following is a harmless bacterium, in which mutated strains may cause toxic shock syndrome, inhabits your skin? A) Staphylococcus aureus B) Clostridium tetani C) Aeromonas hydrophila D) Streptococcus pyogenes E) Vibrio cholerae

A) Staphylococcus aureus

23) Which of the following is NOT part of the inflammatory response? A) The release of antibodies B) The release of histamine C) Localized tissue swelling D) Elevated body temperature E) Migration of phagocytes to the site of injury

A) The release of antibodies

Based on your knowledge of the immune system and on the information in this scenario, what do you conclude about anti-inflammatory steroids? A) They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response. B) They cause a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease. C) They interfere with mast cell function. D) They stimulate bacterial reproduction.

A) They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response.

66) Chemotherapy drugs make patients nauseous because they A) attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract. B) cause fever, which can trigger nausea. C) interfere with the brain's interpretation of sensory input. D) stimulate stomach acid production.

A) attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract.

50) Plasma cells are derived from A) dendritic cells. B) B cells. C) macrophages. D) neutrophils. E) T cells.

B) B cells.

49) Your immune system has identified some body cells infected with an influenza (flu) virus. Which of the following will the immune system use to destroy these infected cells? A) Antigens B) Cytotoxic T cells C) B cells D) Antibodies E) Phagocytes

B) Cytotoxic T cells

7) Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific response to infection? A) Production of antibodies B) Fever C) Formation of memory B cells D) Activation of T cells

B) Fever

84) You are a forensic biologist and have been asked to review the files of an old, unsolved murder case. The autopsy report is missing a lot of important information, but you read that the victim had a thymus gland that was just starting to shrink. Based on this information alone, what can you conclude about the victim? A) His lymphatic system was infected and being destroyed by an unknown virus. B) He was between 12 and 16 years old. C) He was between 1 and 6 years old. D) He died of natural causes, most likely an autoimmune disease.

B) He was between 12 and 16 years old.

62) An autoimmune disease is characterized by A) an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system. B) increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions. C) the absence of an inflammatory response. D) "anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells.

D) "anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells.

69) Pus, a thick white substance that sometimes accumulates at the site of an infection, is a mixture of dead bacteria, debris, and white blood cells.

TRUE

70) It is likely that a hospitalized patient with a high lymphocyte count has some type of infection.

TRUE

75) B cells and T cells cannot design and build antibodies or T-cell receptors to fit specific invading antigens.

TRUE

77) Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease because the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

TRUE

78) HIV weakens a person's ability to fight off other infections by infecting and destroying helper T cells.

TRUE

80) Viruses are known to cause certain cancers.

TRUE