Chapter 3B Test

Washington's Farewell Address (1797)

the letter was almost immediately reprinted in newspapers across the country and later in a pamphlet form. The work was later named a "Farewell Address," as it was Washington's valedictory after 20 years of service to the new nation. It is a classic statement of republicanism, warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values.

Funding at par

to pay in full, through the sale of bonds and other methods of raising money, the debts of the states to their creditors.

Federalists

the group of people who came to support the ratification of the Constitution, largely because of its provisions for a stronger central government. Such individuals often hailed from the wealthier classes and thus had certain aristocratic biases. Federalists papers.

Napoleon/Convention of 1800

also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine, was a treaty between the United States of America and France to settle the hostilities that had erupted during the Quasi-War.

Shay's Rebellion

1786; An uprising that flared up in western Massachusetts. Impoverished back-country farmers, many of them Revolutionary war veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage fore closures. Hundreds of angry agitators attempted to enforce these demands. Massachusetts authorities, supported by wealthy citizens, raised a small army under General Lincoln. Massachusetts authorities responded by creating a mercenary army but the rebellion clearly showed the need of a federal government that would be able of handling such uprisings.

Northwest Ordinance

1787; They said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state. The original thirteen colonies were charters. Slavery was prohibited in these Northwest Territories. This plan worked so good it became the model for other frontier areas.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. Each side of the square was to be six miles in length, and the completed square would include a total of thirty-six square miles of territory. The township would then be divided into one-square mile sections, with each section encompassing 640 acres. Each section received its own number. Section 16 was set aside for a public school. The federal government reserved sections eight, eleven, twenty-six, and twenty-nine to provide veterans of the American Revolution with land bounties for their service during the war. The government would sell the remaining sections at public auction.

James Madison

A student of government, this man made significant contributions to the Constitution and thus has been named "the Father of the Constitution." work extended beyond the writing of the Constitution as he was also the penman of many of the Federalist Papers, documents that urged the states to ratify the new Constitution and provide for a stronger central government. Co-wrote the federalist papers, Referred to as the Father of the Constitution, sponsored the bill of rights,

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

A treaty between the Indians of the Miami Confederacy and the United States. Signed in August 1795 after the American victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the treaty gave the United States control of the Old Northwest, including modern-day Ohio and Indiana. In exchange, the confederacy would receive a lump-sum payment of $20,000 and $9,000 annually. Furthermore, the Indians could still hunt on the lands they had ceded and informally perhaps, they had the recognition of sovereign status.

Citizen Edmond Ganet

A young representative from the French republic who landed in Charleston, South Carolina in 1793. He acted in an unrestrained way in trying to take advantage of the existing Franco-American alliance to gain supplies and forces for the French revolutionary cause back in Europe.

John Adams vs. Jefferson (1796)

Adams Represented Federalists, Jefferson Rep. Democratic Republicans.

"Loose" interpretation

Alexander Hamilton. Many implied powers.

French Revolution (1789)

America ultimately stayed neutral. Alexander wanted us to support Britain, Jefferson wanted us to support France. Washington decided to do neither which ultimately made us look as if we supported the British.

Federalist Party

Believed in strong central government. James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Washington, etc.

Anti-Federalists

Believed in weak federal government. Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. Included: Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George Clinton. These individuals were mainly advocates of states' rights and small farmers and debtors who feared that a central government would force them to repay their debts in full and implement further oppressions. They also felt that the natural rights of man were being jeopardized and called for a Bill of Rights

Popular Sovereignty

Consent of the governd

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Contains four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. Alien Act-gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. Alien Enemies Act-permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to.-No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act. 4. The Sedition Act-key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration. Made it a crime to talk badly about the US government.

Bank of the United States (1791)

Created by Hamilton under his economic plan that would serve as a regulator of federal funds and safe-holder of surplus monies from the Treasury. The bank would be able to stimulate business by printing paper money and would be useful to the financial system in many ways.

Washington's two-term tradition

Decided to step down even though he couldve stayed.

John Marshall

He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.The longest-serving Chief Justice

Talleyrand

French foreign minister whom envoys sent by President Adams hoped to meet and negotiate with. The minister was known for his craftiness and as the envoys went to meet with him, mysterious middlemen, known only as X, Y, and Z approached the envoys and demanded an unneutral loan of 32 million florins, plus a bribe of $250,000

Pinckney's Treaty (1795) with Spain

Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish. Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treaty; helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.

Society of the Cincinnati

Group of Continental Army officers formed a military order in 1783. They were criticized for their aristocratic ideals. the brainchild of Henry Knox and counted Alexander Hamilton among its notable constituents. The organization was originally founded to keep the ideals and fellowships of Revolutionary War veterans alive and running in the emerging society.

Alexander Hamilton

High Political leader; 1786; 32 year old New Yorker who saved the convention from complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with commerce alone but to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Congress, because of Hamilton's influence, issued the call for a convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation. (1787) he was present as an advocate of super-powerful central government. Became Sec. of Treasury and started first national bank and the idea of assumption.

Neutrality Proclamation (1793)

Made by Washington to stay neutral in the French Revolution, which really showed that we supported the British.

Hamilton position (Elastic Clause)

Necessary and Proper clause. Granted Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its own powers. Gov. can do whats necessary and proper to control the people.

John Jay

One of the penman of the Federalist papers, he would serve as an important diplomat for much of the early stages of America's development. Under the provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1789, became the first chief justice of the United States.

Jefferson position (10th amendment)

Secretary of State (Foreign Affairs- Department of state)

Sovereignty

Self-government

Confederation

Strong central government which is authoritarian over all the states.

Hamiltonian Federalists

Supported Hamilton, focused on economical growth.

Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans

Supported Jefferson, focused on states rights.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed by the government in order to raise revenue to pay off debts.

The "large-state plan"

Virginia Plan. proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison. A Bicameral legislative branch is includes congress and a house of representatives.

States' Rights

The anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they thought it did not give enough power to the states. They believed that each state deserved certain rights that were not clearly defined in the constitution but were pertinent in democracy. Since these rights were not included in the original draft of the constitution there was a delay in the ratification process until the states were granted individual powers in an added clause. reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

The farmers and distillers erected whiskey poles similar to the liberty poles and demanded "Liberty and No excise." Furthermore, they tarred and feathered revenue officers and brought collections to a halt. In response, Washington assembled an army from the militia of all states and crushed the uprising easily. Showed government's strength.

"Nullification"

The federalist party had passed the alien and sedition acts to regulate the strong opinions of the republicans. These laws violated the freedoms of the first amendment granted to the people, and prosecuted them for speaking out. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought that "nullification was the rightful remedy". Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification, which is to make a law invalid.

Bill of Rights (1791)

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason, strongly influenced Madison.

Constitution of the United States

The oldest living document still in use today, it has served as the framework for American government since its inception in 1787. Delegates met at Philadelphia and came up with several compromises, most notably the Great Compromise on the matter of the legislature, the three-fifths compromise, and the establishment of an executive elected by an Electoral College, that eventually resulted in a stronger federal government.

Democratic-Republican party

The party that was headed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and opposed the beliefs held by Alexander Hamilton and his followers. They were essentially the anti-federalists with a different name.

"strict" interpretation

Thomas Jefferson. Follow exactly what the Constitution says, Congress gets little implied powers.

Mobocracy

To be ruled by a mob (Majority). Constitution protects rights of minorities. An example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, such as the Stamp Act, the colonists would become angered and protest it by forming mobs and doing such things as ransacking houses and stealing the money of stamp agents. The Stamp Act was eventually nullified because all the stamp agents had been forced to resign leaving no one to uphold it.

Anarchy

a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority

Excise tax (Whiskey)

a tax placed on a few domestic items, passed by Congress in response to Hamilton's call for increased revenue to pay off the national debt and establish good credit. Indirect tax by federal gov. on a particular good (whiskey). Pissed off whiskey making people.

Federation

alliance between sovereign, independent and autonomous states or nations.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

asked the states to declare the Alien and Sedition laws null. They thought that "nullification was the rightful remedy". Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification, which is to make a law invalid.

Republicanism

being a citizen in a state as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty (Consent of the governed). The power in the peoples hand's is the basis for Democracy. The writers of the constitution used this theory.

The Federalist

collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Judiciary Act of 1789

established the federal judiciary of the United States.

Electoral College

group of electors that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in this.

Checks And Balances

is the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw this policy necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented anyone Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions. (Having a dictatorship.)

Gen. Mad Anthony W

military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him promotion to brigadier general and the sobriquet Mad Anthony. He later served as General in Chief of the Army and commanded the Legion of the United States.

Great Compromise

perhaps saved the Constitution and established what was then considered the most important branch of the government, the legislative. The compromise established the House of Representatives with representation based on population to appease the larger states, and the Senate, in which each state would have two votes according to the principle espoused by the smaller states. 1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. It resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

"Compact" theory

popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798.

Daniel Shays

radical veteran of the Revolution. He led a rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny. The rebellion was composed of debtors demanding cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of mortgage foreclosures. He was sentenced to death but was later pardoned. The rebellion in 1786 helped lead to the Constitution and Shay somewhat became one of the Founding Fathers.

Consent of the governed

the authority of a government should depend on the consent of the people, as expressed by votes in elections.

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States, it had notable deficiencies as a result of American hesitancy to place too much power in the hands of a central authority after what they had experienced under the British crown and Parliament. Weak central government.

Jay's Treaty (1794) with Britain

treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. He was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called John Jay the "Damn'd Arch traitor."

Abigail Adams

was the wife of second president John Adams. She attempted to get rights for the "Ladies" from her husband who at the time was on the committee for designing the Declaration of Independence.

Three-Fifths Compromise

was where a black slave was counted as 3/5 of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.

XYZ Affair (1797)

ysterious middlemen, known only as X, Y, and Z approached the envoys and demanded an unneutral loan of 32 million florins, plus a bribe of $250,000.