Chapter 4, 5 & 6

Which of the following substages of Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty? the second substage the third substage the fifth substage the fourth substage

the fifth substage

Ariel is nine months old. She understands that a bird is an animal and that an airplane is a vehicle even though both the objects have wings. According to Jean Mandler, which of the following statements is most likely true of Ariel's categorization of the objects? Ariel has conceptually categorized the objects. Ariel has categorized the objects by making perceptual discriminations between different categories of objects. Ariel has perceptually categorized the objects. Ariel has categorized the objects on the basis of prototypes that she extracted from the structural regularities of the objects.

Ariel has conceptually categorized the objects.

Which of the following statements is true about brain development? The brain grows exponentially from conception to birth, causing the brain to be completely developed at birth. The process of brain development continues through the first year after birth and then stops. Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later. Brain development continues after birth only among premature babies.

Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later.

Which of the following statements is true about the involvement of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in performing different functions? Most neuroscientists believe that complex brain activity involves only one particular hemisphere. Logical thinkers are primarily 'right-brained' because of the excessive involvement of the right hemisphere. Humor and use of metaphors usually depend on activity in the right hemisphere. Excessive involvement of the left hemisphere results in creative thinking.

Humor and use of metaphors usually depend on activity in the right hemisphere.

In the context of the fibers that extend from a neuron's cell body, the fiber that carries signals toward the neuron's cell body is called a(n) axon. dendrite. neurotransmitter. synapse.

dendrite.

Which of the following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is true? Perception and motor activity occur separately in infants. Infants continually coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people. The concept of perceptual-motor coupling does not develop until the ages of two to three. Perceptual-motor coupling develops in children only by the age of five.

Infants continually coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people.

In the context of the substages of Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, which of the following statements is true of the substage known as coordination of secondary circular reactions? Infants show the presence of intentionality. Infants manipulate and transform represented events in simple ways. It develops between fifteen and eighteen months of age. An infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols.

It develops between fifteen and eighteen months of age.

In the context of neurons, which of the following statements is true of the myelin sheath? It is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon. It is a fiber that carries signals away from the cell body of a neuron. It is a fiber that carries signals toward the cell body of a neuron. It releases chemicals called neurotransmitters into synapses, which are tiny gaps between neurons' fibers.

It is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding? Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents. The caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event. Mothers and their infants interact in a dance-like pattern of closely coordinated actions. The child is presented with a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver.

Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents.

Which of the following statements is true of perceptual constancy? Sensory stimulation remains constant, but perception of the physical world changes. Sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant. Constant sensory stimulation receives a constant perceptual response. Perception of the physical world remains constant because of limited visual acuity.

Sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant.

In the Gibsons' ecological view on perceptual development in infancy, objects have _____, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities. allowances aptitudes abilities affordances

affordances

Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara, is an 11-month-old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usually comfortable with strangers, a full-time nanny, who Cara grew fond of in a day, helps take care of her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a passive child. an easy child. a slow-to-warm-up child. an inhibited child.

an easy child

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach, which states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems. core knowledge domain knowledge learned domain nurtureT

core knowledge

Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early. In order to accomplish that, they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will, thus, result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the _____ systems view of development. maturational evolutionary static dynamic

dynamic

The recent focus on _____ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances. extraversion extreme inhibition negative affectivity effortful control

effortful control

Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in face-to-face play. parallel play. joint attention. imitation.

face-to-face play

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as being securely attached. insecure avoidant. insecure resistant. insecure antisocial.

insecure avoidant

John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) _____ model of attachment. external working internal working external passive internal passive

internal working

A social smile differs from a reflexive smile in that a social smile occurs in response to an external stimulus. is first observed beyond the age of 12 months. occurs only when the infant is asleep. usually occurs when a child meets unfamiliar adults outside the home environment.

occurs in response to an external stimulus.

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary. expressive; spoken spoken; receptive receptive; spoken spoken; expressive

receptive; spoken

Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as being insecurely attached. extremely inhibited. securely attached. difficult.

securely attached

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile? trust smile social smile reflexive smile attachment smile

social smile

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more object-oriented? the simple reflexes substage the first habits substage the secondary circular reactions substage the primary circular reactions substage

the secondary circular reactions substage

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called the secular trend. telegraphic speech. the vocabulary spurt. phonetic advancement.

the vocabulary spurt.

Using habituation experiments, some researchers have found that infants as young as _____ can group together objects with similar appearances. five to six days three to four weeks three to four months five to six months

three to four months