Chapter 4 - 9 Psych 424 Exam Review
to cut the brain into extremely thin slices.
A microtome is used
Retinal absorbs the light and changes shape, causing the bleaching of rhodopsin the messenger transducin causes the denature of cGMP Na++ channels close, stopping the dark current The rod is less depolarized, altering the signal sent to intermediate cells
A photon of light strikes a rod. Order the sequence of visual transduction from first to last.
learning, memory, and problem-solving.
According to the information processing theory, sleep would help with
green
According to the opponent process theory of color vision, if a ganglion cell sends a signal for red when it is excited, it will send a signal for _____________ when inhibited.
fusiform gyrus.
After Oliver's stroke, he had prosopagnosia but no other deficits in visual perception. His stroke likely affected his
False
All the information from the right eye is processed by the left visual cortex.
Tympanic
Another name for the ear drum is the _______________ membrane.
organ of Corti.
Audio transduction takes place at the
False
Beta waves are not recording when someone is asleep.
False
Caffeine is an adenosine agonist
optogenetics
Channelrhodopsin is most associated with
Stereocilia embedded in the membrane of hair cells act to mechanically open K+ ion channels.
Choose the correct responses to complete the sentence.
Synesthesia
Cynthia loves classical music. When she hears music by Mozart, she sees blue and purple colors, but when she hears music by Beethoven, she sees yellows and oranges. Cynthia likely has a form of
True
Darwin's later books attempted to show mental similarities between different species of animals, including humans.
electroencephalography
Dr. Morgan is particularly interested in looking at the P300 over FZ and CZ. Dr. Morgan is using _______________ to look at brain activity.
Lateral inhibition takes place at intermediate cells in the retina to help accentuate changes between light and dark areas of the visual field. This is demonstrated in these Mach bands.
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In the absence of light, 1cGMP helps to keep the depolarizing 2dark current flowing into the rods.
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Kenji Tanaka and his coworkers found neurons in the temporal lobe that responded selectively to simple shapes such as circles and squares that they called 1primary cells and others that responded to more complex shapes and textures that they called 2elaborate cells.
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The 1magnocellular layer of the LGN processes information about movement and low-intensity light, while the 2parvocellular layer of the LGN processes information about color and detail.
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The center of the retina begins to degenerate in 1macular degeneration, starting with a dark spot in the middle of the visual field, and the periphery of the retina begins to degenerate in 2retinitis pigmentosa, causing tunnel vision.
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The raphe nucleus in activity during slow wave sleep but is almost completely dormant during REM sleep
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The rods are more specialized for the perception of black and white (light) and movement, and the 2cones are better at detecting fine detail and color.
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The subjective loudness of sound is due to the 1amplitude of the sound wave and the pitch is due to the 2frequency of the sound wave. rarefraction record_voice_over REPORT AN ERROR chevron_right
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1) cannula 2) microdialysis
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There are two primary extrastriate pathways in the visual system. The 1dorsal stream is known as the "where" and "how" stream in that it processes movement and location. The 2ventral stream stream is known as the "what" stream in that it processes information about object recognition and color.
Drag the correct responses into the blanks to complete the sentences.
basal ganglia
Electrodes are placed in areas of the _______________ when using deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson's disease.
round.
Ganglion receptive fields are
destroy specific neurons in the brain.
Gold thioglucose is primarily used to
intermediate cells.
Horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells are all types of
400nm (purple) 700 nm (red light)
Humans are sensitive to light in the electromagnetic spectrum between
cornea
In an eyeball, the _______________ is the first structure hit by light.
green fluorescent proteins.
In the field of neural staining GFP stands for
REM sleep behavior disorder.
In the middle of the night, you find yourself on the front lawn trying to fight off alien crab people. You likely have
ganglion cells intermediate cells photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
Light leaves the lens and hits the retina. Order the cell types found in the retina from those that are closest to the lens (struck by light first) to those that are farthest from the lens (struck by light last).
Cells in the retina and primary visual cortex have receptive fields. True An on-center ganglion cell will fire the most when its entire receptive field is covered with light. False An off-center ganglion cell will fire the most when the center of its field has no light but the periphery (outer ring) of its field receives light. True Ganglion cells have larger receptive fields over the fovea. False
Mark the following statements about receptive fields as true or false.
As adenosine increases, you get more and more tired. True As histamines increase, you get more and more tired. False Locus coeruleus activity increases arousal. True
Mark the following statements as true or false.
In someone with hyperopia, an eyeball is too long, making light focus on an area before the retina. False A person might be prescribed glasses with biconcave lenses if they have myopia. True Myopia is also known as nearsightedness. True
Mark the following statements as true or false.
The periphery of the retina is more responsible for scotopic vision. True We have more photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for photopic vision. False The fovea is responsible for photopic vision. True Scotopic vision is highly sensitive to color. False The receptive fields for scotopic vision are larger than receptive fields for photopic vision. True
Mark the following statements as true or false.
True
Men are more likely than women to be color-blind.
Retina Optic nerve Optic chiasm LGN Visual Cortex
Order from beginning to end how information flows through the visual pathway.
habenula
Other than the pineal gland, which structure also secretes melatonin?
Retina
P-cells and M-cells are found in the
the influence of both nature and nurture.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a good example of
insomnia.
Philip has a difficult time falling asleep and staying asleep. These are symptoms of
Malleus Incus Stapes
Put the auditory ossicles in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Observation of the natural world hypothesis experimentation theory Replication
Put the steps of the scientific method in order.
False
Raccoons, bats, and hyenas are all examples of zeitgebers.
more resistant to HIV.
Receiving condemnation from many other scientists, He Jiankui genetically modified embryo twins with the intention of making one twin
the cells of the LGN and visual cortex are arranged in such a way that they make up a map of the retina.
Retinotopic means that
Lines of specific orientation
Simple cells in the primary visual cortex show neuronal tuning to
Akinetopsia
Someone with _______________ would have a difficult time crossing the street or pouring coffee because they cannot perceive movement.
Down syndrome.
Someone with an extra 21st chromosome has
Phenylalanine into tyrosine
Someone with phenylketonuria (PKU) lacks an enzyme to convert
McGurk effect
The _______________ is an auditory illusion in which watching someone say a sound can affect how you perceive the sound.
True
The basal forebrain promotes REM sleep.
animal models can be used in experiments because there are similar processes for genetics, neuroscience, and basic learning principles across different species of animals.
The general process approach refers to the idea that
glial cells such as astrocytes.
The glymphatic system is formed by
True
The lack or low levels of hypocretin (orexin) can cause cataplexy.
Protein
The primary role of a gene is to code for making a
transduction.
The process of taking in energy (such as a light stimulus) and turning it into something the brain can understand in the form of signals (such as action potentials) is called
sensation-seeking behavior such as the love of roller-coaster riding.
The reward deficiency hypothesis was used to connect genetics with
accommodate
The role of the lens is to _______________, or focus, the light on the retina.
Alzheimer's disease.
The transgenic mouse model for Down syndrome (Ts16) has proven to be a good animal model for research on
to compensate for impedance mismatching
The tympanic membrane is larger than the oval window, which allows the focusing of energy transferred through the auditory ossicles. Why is this needed?
True
There are likely cells that are selectively tuned to respond to the face of your best friend and others that respond to one of your close relatives, such as your mother, sister, or brother.
trichromatic
There are three types of cones in the retina, and each one is sensitive to different wavelengths of light. This is the __________ theory of color vision.
PET scan
This type of brain imaging method uses a radioactive tracer injected into the participant.
one of the cells removed from a fertilized egg that has developed into eight cells
What is tested in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?
empiricism
What is the term for the philosophy that science begins with observation of the natural world, and that scientific inquiry cannot go beyond the physical? In accordance with this idea, scientists cannot investigate the nature of gods or ghosts.
during REM sleep
When would one see the most activity on an electrooculogram?
in cells of the retina
Where would one find melanopsin?
PP homozygous dominant1 pp homozygous recessive2 Pp heterozygous3
Whether a person has a curved or straight pinky is due to one gene. If a person has one dominant allele, then they will have a curved pinky. If the letter P is used to represent the allele, match the allele formation to its genotype.
Dolphins
Which animal shows unihemispheric sleep?
ECG
Which instrument can be used to measure heart rate and heart rate variability?
z - drugs benzodiazepines
Which of the following drugs are considered hypnotics? Select all that apply.
fluorine
Which of the following is not a base found in DNA?
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Which of the following scientists is known for the neuron doctrine, a theory stating that there is a gap or synapse between neurons communicating with one another?
It helps promote sleep It uses GABA
Which of the following statements about the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (VLPO) are true? Select all that apply.
Auditory cortex Basilar membrane
Which of the following structures are considered tonotopic? Select all that apply.
biofeedback (Does not require stereotaxic surgery) tms (Does not require stereotaxic surgery) tdcs (Does not require stereotaxic surgery) deep brain stimulation (Requires stereotaxic surgery
Which of the techniques below require stereotaxic surgery, and which do not?
Hubel and Wiesel
Which research team won a Nobel Prize for their work on the visual system?
They can lead to substance abuse. They can produce overdose if too much is taken. They can cause extremely low blood pressure if taken with alcohol. They are often the cause of overdose if taken with opioids.
Why can benzodiazepines be dangerous? Select all that apply.
parasomnia.
You wake up in the morning and see a demon sitting on your chest keeping you from moving. You likely have a form of
Hair cells
_______________ are found between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane.
cataracts
_______________ is a problem of vision where the lens becomes cloudy. This problem is correctable with surgery.
The place theory of hearing
_______________ is the idea that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. Areas near the oval window respond to high frequencies, and areas near the helicotrema respond to low frequencies.
Parallel processing
_______________ is the idea that several areas of the visual cortex work together in perception. So cells that respond selectively to lines, shapes, movement, and color interconnect with areas involved in object recognition, long-term memory, and context.
Francis Galton
_______________ was Darwin's cousin and a pioneer in statistics. He also wanted to "improve" the human race through selective breeding.
meta analysis
A _______________ is a way of looking at the results and conclusions from many different experiments or articles that are investigating similar things. For example, one might use this method to look at the effectiveness of a specific antidepressant drug that has been investigated by many researchers.
limited immigration from Eastern Europe in order to restrict people with "undesirable" genes from coming into the United States.
As part of the eugenics movement, Congress passed an act in 1924 that
Being able to roll one's tongue is a dominant trait. Philip has the 1phenotype that he cannot roll his tongue. Philip's 2genotype must be homozygous recessive
Being able to roll one's tongue is a dominant trait. Philip has the 1phenotype that he cannot roll his tongue. Philip's 2genotype must be homozygous recessive
polysomnography
Bjørn had a lot of trouble falling and staying asleep. He went to a sleep lab, where a doctor used _______________ to monitor his sleep, which helped in diagnosing his problems.
True
Cell-free fetal DNA testing is performed on the blood of a pregnant woman.
central sleep apnea.
Cells in the pre-Bötzinger complex in the medulla degenerate as we get older, increasing the risk of
beagle
Charles Darwin traveled on a five-year exploration around the world on the HMS
Lesion
Choose the correct response to complete the sentence.
a similar mouse with a cannula placed in the nucleus accumbens, but it get distilled water injected every time it presses the lever
Dr. Price uses stereotaxic surgery to place a cannula in the nucleus accumbens of a mouse. Every time the mouse presses a lever, it gets a tiny dose of amphetamine injected through the cannula. Which of the following would be the best sham control for this experiment?
tractography.
Dr. Woo is interested in looking at how the path of myelinated nerve tracts (white matter) runs through the brain. She'll use diffusion tensor imaging and a technique called
locus coeruleus - norepinephrine1 raphe nucleus - serotonin basal forebrain - acetylcholine ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus - GABA
Match each area of the brain with the neurotransmitter that it releases.
MZ twins correlation of 0.6, DZ twins correlation of 0.3
A behavioral geneticist was investigating the heritability of a behavioral trait. He looked for this trait in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. The following answers are possible results obtained by the researcher in terms of the correlation between the twins. Which one would provide the strongest support that the studied behavioral trait is inherited (i.e., has the strongest influence by genetics)?
transgenic
A human gene that is related to Huntington's disease was implanted into a mouse creating a _____________ mouse model to help researchers study the development and possible treatments for the disease.
genetic determinism
A low-activity form of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been linked to an increased level of aggression and violence. It was discovered that Thomas had this gene, and so he was forbidden from working in a school with small children. This is an example of _______________ and can be a problem when looking at genes and behavior.
epigenetics.
A mouse pup that gets a lot of attention and grooming from its mother when it is young will be better at handling stress when it is older. This is an example of
Alzheimer's disease.
A poorly functioning glymphatic system may be a contributing factor in the progression of
True
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, dreaming is simply the cortex trying to make sense of the high-frequency brainwave activity generated by the brainstem.
a dead salmon
Drag the correct animal into the blank to complete the sentence.
depression
Drag the correct neuropsychiatric disorder into the blank to complete the sentence.
BOLD contrast imaging
Drag the correct response into the blank to complete the sentence.
Stage 2
In which stage of sleep would one record K complexes and sleep spindles?
False
Someone who is stressed or anxious will have higher heart rate variability (HRV) than someone who is relaxed and less anxious.
REM sleep Slow wave sleep watching TV on the couch Just waking up
With regard to the locus coeruleus, order from when it is least active to when it is most active.
Heritability
_______________ is a statistical term relating to the influence of genetics and environment on a trait. Twins are often used to determine this value.
False
Alfred Binet created an intelligence (IQ) test with the intention of creating a way to identify feeble-minded people to promote his strong support of eugenics.
1. independent variable 2. dependent variable
Drag the correct responses into the blanks to complete the sentence.
At the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2001, it cost about 1$100 million to sequence a single human genome, but because of new sequencing techniques, by 2017 the cost had dropped to about 2$1000
Drag the correct responses into the blanks to complete the sentence.
CT scan X ray
Drag the correct responses into the blanks to complete the sentence.
An animal has complex behaviors. These behaviors might be influenced by genetics and shaped by evolution, or what is referred to as 1ultimate causes. But the animal also has experiences during its lifetime, and these are known as 2proximal causes of behavior.
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monozygotic twins dizigotic twins
Drag the correct responses into the blanks to complete the sentences.
Voxels
Drag the correct term into the blank to complete the sentence.
biofeedback
Drag the correct term into the open box to complete the sentence.
1) retrograde tracing 2) anterograde tracing
Drag the correct tracing method into each blank to complete the last sentence.
SQUID
Drag the name of the correct sensor into the blank to complete the sentence.
ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spike.
Dreaming is generated by the
true
Epigenetic changes can pass from one generation to the next.
He thought he had been in the cave for one month, but about two months had passed.
French scientist Michel Siffre spent an extended amount of time in a cave without any reference to time (e.g., daylight or clocks). What happened to him in the cave?
comparative psychology.
George Romanes wrote a book called Animal Intelligence in 1882 that was a collection of stories about similarities in intelligence and behavior between species of animals. Some consider this the beginning of the field of
carrier
Isaac and Rachel wish to have a baby together. They know that there is a history of Tay-Sachs disease that runs in each of their families. Tay-Sachs is caused by having two recessive alleles, so before trying to have children, they each get a _______________ test to determine the risk of having a child with Tay-Sachs.
False
It is impossible to determine genetic influences on complex behaviors such as political affiliation or whether someone enjoys gambling.
An animal that gets faster during its own lifetime will pass on the adaptation of greater speed to its offspring. False The theory of natural selection predicts that all organisms are evolving to some "ideal" form of itself. Each generation is better than the previous one. False Extra fat insulation might be advantageous to an individual animal today but could be disadvantageous to the animal's descendants in 100 years. True As environmental pressures change, the gene pool and phenotypes of an organism change from generation to generation. True The theory of natural selection is based on the idea that adaptations are all about what is good for the population of interbreeding species and not necessarily what is good for the individual. False
Mark the following statements as true or false.
Destroy the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a wild-type hamster, and its circadian rhythm will be about 24 hours. False The suprachiasmatic nucleus from a tau-mutant hamster implanted in a wild-type hamster will cause the wild-type hamster to have a circadian rhythm of under 24 hours. True The suprachiasmatic nucleus from a wild-type hamster implanted in a tau-mutant hamster will cause the tau-mutant hamster to have a circadian rhythm of about 24 hours. True Destroy the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a tau-mutant hamster, and its circadian rhythm will be about 24 hours. False
Mark the following statements as true or false.
TGenetic engineering is a common way to eliminate genes associated with diseases in humans. F It is common to use genetically modifed mice in neuroscience research. T Genes from animals can be spliced into plants using genetic engineering. T One can buy at a pet store genetically modified fish that glow in the dark. T
Mark the following statements as true or false.
We experience more REM sleep at the beginning of the night compared to later (in the morning). False A greater proportion of our sleep is spent in REM the older we get. Babies spend very little time in REM sleep. False If we don't get enough REM during one night's sleep, we spend a greater proportion of time in REM the next time we sleep. True Mostly delta waves are recorded during REM sleep. False
Mark the following statements as true or false.
EEG cant look deep into the brain PET needs medical supervision fMRI participants must remain very still during scan CT scan cant record activity of the working brain
Match each brain imaging device with one of its disadvantages.
EEG equipment is relatively inexpensive 1 CT scan good for evaluating brain damage2 MEG scan records activity in real time3 fMRI
Match each brain imaging or scanning method with one of its advantages. While some advantages might be true for multiple methods, there is only one match for each method.
Diurnal - sleep during the night Nocturnal - sleep during the day Crepuscular - sleep during the middle of the day and the middle of the night
Match each circadian rhythm with its sleep pattern.
EDA skin perspiration EEG brainwaves EMG muscles contractions ECG heartbeats
Match each instrument with the measurement it takes.
obstructive sleep apnea CPAP insomnia benzodiazepines narcolepsy Modafinil
Match each sleep problem with a possible treatment.
Dreaming - beta waves Deepest Sleep - delta waves Light Sleep =- theta waves Relaxed but awake - alpha waves
Match each sleep state with its associated type of brain waves.
Methyl molecules that tag DNA repressing the expression of a gene Acetyl molecules that loosen the DNA, making transcription of a gene easier
Match the group with its function.
his grandchildren would have a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Researchers looked at the records of people who lived in the desolate town of Ӧverkalix in northern Sweden. They found that if a boy went through an extremely difficult winter and nearly starved to death, then
negative eugenics
The forced sterilization of thousands of women, especially women of color, in the United States was part of the _______________ movement.
False
The hormone melatonin is released from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
They both have attached earlobes. The mother is heterozygous for this trait, and the father is homozygous recessive for this trait. They both have floppy earlobes. Both the mother and the father are heterozygous for this trait.
Whether a person has attached or floppy earlobes is caused by one gene. Barnaby has attached earlobes, which is a recessive trait. Which of the following could be true of his biological parents? Select all that apply.
MRI fMRI Bold contrasting imaging diffusion tensor imaging
Which of the following imaging techniques use magnetic fields in the imaging process? Select all that apply.
The selection of which organisms survive and reproduce is a random process.
Which of the following is NOT a basic postulate or assumption about Darwin's theory of natural selection?
the study of how the time of day affects the biology and physiology of living organisms
Which of the following is the best definition of chronobiology?
There are genetic similarities between related species, even in DNA segments that are not coding for genes. Animals and plants that lived at the same time in history show up together in the fossil record. Humans can modify animals and plants considerably by selective breeding. For example, the species of the domesticated horse can be extremely tall (like a Clydesdale) or small (like a Shetland pony). Dogs, rats, dolphins, and humans have similar (homologous) bones in their forelimbs.
Which of the following provide physical support for Darwin's theory of natural selection and the evolution of species? Select all that apply.
A person is in REM sleep, and this area helps to keep them from acting out their dreams.
Why would the magnocellular nucleus in the medulla be active?
concordance
William has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, and this neuropsychiatric disorder has a relatively high _______________ in that William's identical twin has about a 48% chance of being diagnosed as well.
Golgi
You are looking through a microscope and nervous tissue. You can see a few neurons stained dark brown. You can see the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. You cannot see many of the neurons because they did not take up the stain. Which of the following is the most likely type of staining technique used to create what you see in the microscope?
