Chapter 4

Jerry smokes a pack a day and, judging from his weight, enjoys his beer a bit too much. He rarely goes to the doctor because he'd rather not hear what the doctor has to say about his habits. From a Western perspective, we can safely label Jerry as an isolationist. an unsanitary citizen. an applied anthropologist. a sanitary citizen.

an unsanitary citizen.

The faulty social design that planners often try to impose on less-developed countries are often based on cooperative based, at least partially, upon models from early primitive cultures studied by first-generation anthropologists. former Eastern bloc and Socialist countries. idealized academic norms. computer-generated sources.

former Eastern bloc and Socialist countries.

Based on general peasant values, a peasant would mostly likely be interested in learning Western standards of efficiency adopting modern agricultural techniques. growing and harvesting their crops. increasing technical knowledge.

growing and harvesting their crops.

A(n) .... anthropologist examines such questions as which diseases and health conditions affect particular populations and how illness is socially constructed, diagnosed, managed, and treated in various societies.

medical

Which of the following is the comparative, biocultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems, and is both academic and applied? educational anthropology medical anthropology development anthropology urban anthropology

medical anthropology

The field of anthropology and education includes research in neighborhoods. classrooms. industrial settings. homes.

neighborhoods. classrooms. homes.

Which of the following are universal features of a curer? A curer must undergo continuing education to maintain licensing. A curer emerges through a culturally defined process of selection. A curer must go through appropriate training. A curer is certified by older practitioners.

A curer emerges through a culturally defined process of selection. A curer must go through appropriate training. A curer is certified by older practitioners.

Which of the following are reasons that studying anthropology would benefit someone planning to pursue a career in international business? Anthropologists study diverse lifestyles, which provides useful knowledge in international business. Understanding culture provides useful knowledge in international business. Advanced degrees are almost always required for international business. Anthropologists study contagious diseases, information that is useful for anyone traveling internationally.

Anthropologists study diverse lifestyles, which provides useful knowledge in international business. Understanding culture provides useful knowledge in international business.

Which of the following statements about economic development and globalization is true? Certain diseases have spread with economic development and globalization. Physical conditions such as obesity have declined with economic development and globalization. Irrigation projects and hydraulic systems have drastically reduced the spread of certain diseases. Economic development and globalization have helped slow down and virtually eliminate diseases like schistosomiasis.

Certain diseases have spread with economic development and globalization.

Which of the following are most likely to happen if urban slums continue to expand? Crime rates will rise. Education will improve. Access to health care will spread. Noise, air, and water pollution will increase.

Crime rates will rise. Noise, air, and water pollution will increase.

Which of the following is true regarding health care systems? Different cultures recognize different illnesses, symptoms, and causes and have developed different health care systems. Medical anthropologists promote a unified and global health care system. Illnesses, symptoms, and causes are globally defined and accepted, but health care systems differ from culture to culture. Most rural health care systems lack curers.

Different cultures recognize different illnesses, symptoms, and causes and have developed different health care systems.

Which of the following statements about gangs today are true? Gang members prefer knives over handguns. Gangs are organized hierarchically by age. Non-White ethnic groups make up most gangs. Female gang members are rare.

Gangs are organized hierarchically by age. Non-White ethnic groups make up most gangs. Female gang members are rare.

Which of the following are steps applied anthropologists can take to help improve health conditions among indigenous peoples? Implement solutions in partnership with agencies handling public health programs. Gather information on solutions to the most pressing health problems. Identify the individuals with the most pressing health problems and remove them from the indigenous communities. Identify the most pressing health problems that indigenous communities face.

Implement solutions in partnership with agencies handling public health programs. Gather information on solutions to the most pressing health problems. Identify the most pressing health problems that indigenous communities face.

Which of the following is true of Western medicine? Western medicine was originally based on the curer-patient-community model. It draws a rigid line between biomedical and psychological causation. It emphasizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional, and social causes. Western medicine's mind-body opposition is based on science.

It draws a rigid line between biomedical and psychological causation.

Which of the following are true regarding the introduction of Western medicine into local cultures? Local people usually continue using traditional methods but also accept some new ones. Health interventions must fit into local cultures and be accepted by local people. Native curers generally share credit with the physicians when patients are cured. Native curers try to treat all conditions, with patients going to physicians as a last resort.

Local people usually continue using traditional methods but also accept some new ones. Health interventions must fit into local cultures and be accepted by local people. Native curers generally share credit with the physicians when patients are cured.

Which of the following are reasons that Bronislaw Malinowski's "practical anthropology" has been abandoned? Malinowski's practical anthropology discounted colonial regimes and focused on the local people. Malinowski's practical anthropology influenced and enriched the culture of the local people. Malinowski's practical anthropology legitimized and supported colonialism. Malinowski's practical anthropology focused on Westernization and the diffusion of European culture into tribal societies.

Malinowski's practical anthropology legitimized and supported colonialism. Malinowski's practical anthropology focused on Westernization and the diffusion of European culture into tribal societies.

In which of the following situations would an applied anthropologist be least likely to face serious ethical dilemmas? James works overseas in military intelligence to promote local-level cooperation with American policies. Susan works as a "cultural interpreter" at a health clinic established to serve low-income patients. Corinne works in cultural resource management for a company that wants to build a shopping mall on a supposedly sacred grave site. Jane works as a consultant at a market research firm investigating how to increase sales and profits.

Susan works as a "cultural interpreter" at a health clinic established to serve low-income patients.

Which of the following statements is true regarding realistic and successful development policies? Effective development aims to replace indigenous cultural practices and social structures. The most effective policies rely on governmental suppression of descent groups. They promote revolutionary change with adequate funding. They attempt to preserve things while making them work better.

They attempt to preserve things while making them work better.

International migrants tend to settle in large cities for which of the following reasons? They know they will find a less stressful lifestyle in a large city. They are eager to assimilate, and they know they can avoid personal connections in a large city. They can feel at home in ethnic enclaves there. There is a lot going on in cities.

They can feel at home in ethnic enclaves there. There is a lot going on in cities.

Schistosomiasis, the fastest-spreading parasitic infection currently known, is propagated by snails that live in waterways, ponds, and lakes, usually ones created by irrigation projects. Applied anthropologists would take which of the following approaches to help curb such diseases? They would try to convince the local people to change their diets to reduce reliance on irrigation systems. They would secure funding to build medical clinics, then medically treat the local people. They would investigate whether the local people see the connection between the snails and the disease and then provide information. They would study whether the local people consider the disease good or bad, then support their health care systems.

They would investigate whether the local people see the connection between the snails and the disease and then provide information.

True or false: Anthropologists are highly qualified to suggest, plan, and implement social policy affecting people. True False

True

True or false: Applied anthropologists can help improve health conditions among indigenous peoples. True False

True

What is the most advanced degree that is usually needed to secure gainful employment in academic, museum, or applied anthropology? a high school diploma or equivalent an associate's degree from an accredited junior college a doctorate a bachelor's degree

a doctorate

Sarah reads blogs about health and wellness and exercises on a daily basis. If she gets sick, she seeks the advice of a medical doctor. We can safely say Sarah is a sanitary citizen. homeless and poor. an unsanitary citizen. a medical anthropologist.

a sanitary citizen.

In Western medicine, how is psychological causation viewed? as a disease diagnostic as a precursor to biomedical causation as distinct from biomedical causation as part of a triumvirate of illness causations

as distinct from biomedical causation

Compatible and successful development projects are rarely financially successful, but cultural compatibility is more important than money. avoid the fallacy of overinnovation. usually face the most resistance from local people. must be strictly and rigidly regulated by the funding organization.

avoid the fallacy of overinnovation.

One of the world's oldest professions is that of a(n) ______, a person who, like doctors today, diagnoses and treats illness. spirit sorcerer susto curer

curer

The branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development is known as ______ anthropology. public international urban development

development

Which of the following would not be in the purview of medical anthropology? stem cell research abortion gang violence euthanasia

gang violence

Focus groups can be negatively affected by _____, when one or two very vocal members unduly influence the entire group. ingroup apathy groupthink Stockholm syndrome a cult of personality

groupthink

Beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and diagnosing and curing illness are known by what collective anthropological term? physician's assistant health care system religious dogma prescription medication

health care system

The field of market research recognizes that the products that people use have little real meaning in their lives. has nothing to learn from ethnography, which, after all, is the study of non-Western societies. is based on the need to know what customers do, think, and want. is not an area in which applied anthropologists have been able to work.

is based on the need to know what customers do, think, and want.

Problems caused by increases in urban populations and the concentration of people in slums will be most severe in ethnic enclaves. rural areas. more-developed countries (MDCs). less-developed countries (LDCs).

less-developed countries (LDCs).

Most gangs today are composed mainly of male adolescents who have grown up together. male and female adolescents who live in the same neighborhood and have grown up together. female adolescents who have grown up together. young male adults who attended high school together.

male adolescents who have grown up together.

Most gangs today are composed mainly of male and female adolescents who live in the same neighborhood and have grown up together. female adolescents who have grown up together. male adolescents who have grown up together. young male adults who attended high school together.

male adolescents who have grown up together.

Which of the following were results of the development project in Bahia, Brazil, where sailboat owners were given loans to buy motors for their boats, which then led to increasing profits and the purchase of larger and more expensive boats? creation of a more egalitarian community many young men abandoned fishing for land-based jobs creation of a small group of wealthy individuals loss of opportunity for enterprising young fishermen

many young men abandoned fishing for land-based jobs creation of a small group of wealthy individuals loss of opportunity for enterprising young fishermen

Approximately what percentage of anthropology PhDs today seek nonacademic employment? about 25 percent almost 80 percent only about 10 percent more than half

more than half

Western medicine attributes illness to organisms such as viruses or bacteria. Which illness-causation theory does Western medicine follow? naturalistic emotionalistic humanistic personalistic

naturalistic

Trying to achieve too much change is the fallacy of ...

overinnovation or over innovation

Educational anthropologists believe children should be viewed in a context that includes peers. reincarnation. professionals musicians. family.

peers. family.

Clothilde works in cultural resource management. Her client has hired her to assess how best to preserve significant remains in a site on which the client plans to build a parking garage. In her relationship with whom is Clothilde most likely to face an ethical dilemma? the indigenous group with whom the remains have been identified other anthropologists the city or other government entity who will ultimately issue permissions to the client the client

the client

Which of the following is not recognized by medical anthropologists as differently approached by particular cultures and ethnic groups? the treatment of illness the causes of illness the definition of disease the symptoms of illness

the definition of disease

A development project is most likely to increase socioeconomic inequality in situations in which aid is provided to enterprising young people rather than established businesspeople. the "have-nots" are favored over the "haves." there is an initial uneven distribution of resources. wealthy and powerful people are excluded from development planning.

there is an initial uneven distribution of resources.

Which two of the following are the primary reasons that adults tend to migrate to cities? to be where the action is for economic reasons to escape crowding in rural areas to be where there is less diversity

to be where the action is for economic reasons

What are the stated goals of public anthropology? to engage with public issues. environmental preservation. oppose policies that promote injustice. reframe discussions of key social issues in the media and by public officials.

to engage with public issues. oppose policies that promote injustice. reframe discussions of key social issues in the media and by public officials.

In an applied anthropology approach to urban planning, anthropologists who identify key social groups in generalized urban contexts risk committing the fallacy of overinnovation. underdifferentiation. overdifferentiation. underinnovation.

underdifferentiation.

Seeing less-developed countries as all the same and ignoring cultural diversity is known as underdifferentiation. overinnovation. increased equity. development anthropology.

underdifferentiation.

Which of the following are "cons" currently associated with Western medicine? overuse of acupuncture patient-led treatment unnecessary surgery impersonality of physician-patient relationship overprescription of drugs

unnecessary surgery impersonality of physician-patient relationship overprescription of drugs

Assisting recent migrants in dealing with various institutions in their new city environments, such as legal and social services, is one of the roles of the ______ anthropologist. urban educational development biological

urban

The cross-cultural and ethnographic study of cities and life in cities is known as ______ anthropology. biological educational development urban

urban

Which of the following are modern stressors that are known to cause health problems? access to health care poor nutrition stable relationships impersonal work poverty dangerous machinery

poor nutrition impersonal work poverty dangerous machinery

Some anthropologists become involved in electoral campaigns, political administrations, and testifying at government hearings. This is called anthropological lobbying. social engineering. political anthropology. public anthropology.

public anthropology.

Successful economic development projects ______ local cultural patterns. respect and build on attack and resist undermine and change subvert and destroy

respect and build on

To maximize social and economic benefits, development projects must respond to locally perceived needs. involve men and women in planning and implementation. harness traditional organizations. be flexible. be funded by taxing the beneficiaries. be culturally compatible.

respond to locally perceived needs. involve men and women in planning and implementation. harness traditional organizations. be flexible. be culturally compatible.

In a study conducted in Finland and the United Kingdom, a team of anthropologists working for "BeerCo" studied a dozen bars and pubs in those countries. Which of the following recommendations emerged from their research? BeerCo should shift its beer sales from the U.K. to Finland. BeerCo should develop a central plan that it could implement in all the bars. BeerCo should launch a more targeted campaign. BeerCo needed to supply different size bottles for men and women.

BeerCo should launch a more targeted campaign.

Why were hunter-gatherers spared from most epidemic infectious diseases that affected agrarian and urban societies? Hunter-gathers remained isolated and thus protected from diseases affecting other groups. Epidemic diseases thrive in dense populations, and hunter-gatherers lived in small groups. The mobility of hunter-gatherers helped keep them out of reach of epidemic diseases that thrive in more permanent settlements. Their fitness levels and immune systems have been proven to be superior to those of farmers and city dwellers.

Hunter-gathers remained isolated and thus protected from diseases affecting other groups. Epidemic diseases thrive in dense populations, and hunter-gatherers lived in small groups. The mobility of hunter-gatherers helped keep them out of reach of epidemic diseases that thrive in more permanent settlements.

Which of the following is true of the world system and colonialism? Colonialism has never harmed the health of indigenous peoples, but the world system has. Neither the world system nor colonialism has had any noticeable impact on the health of indigenous peoples. Colonialism almost always benefited the health and living conditions of indigenous peoples. In many areas, they worsened the health of indigenous people by spreading diseases, warfare, servitude, and other stressors.

In many areas, they worsened the health of indigenous people by spreading diseases, warfare, servitude, and other stressors.

Which of the following is true of Western medicine? Western medicine was originally based on the curer-patient-community model. It emphasizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional, and social causes. It draws a rigid line between biomedical and psychological causation. Western medicine's mind-body opposition is based on science.

It draws a rigid line between biomedical and psychological causation.

Which of the following best explains why the shift from academic to applied anthropology has benefited the profession? Companies that employ anthropologists gain credibility for their plans to bring local cultures into the 21st century. It has allowed anthropologists to turn from sterile theory in academia to effective practice, mostly in the private sector. Academic anthropology declined in popularity and lost credibility in the 1980s. It has forced anthropologists to consider the wider social value and implications of their research.

It has forced anthropologists to consider the wider social value and implications of their research.

Which of the following are true of urban anthropology? It is the study of urban violence and class but not ethnicity or immigration. It has theoretical dimensions. It has applied dimensions. It is the study of cities and urban life.

It has theoretical dimensions. It has applied dimensions. It is the study of cities and urban life.

Which of the following best defines the goal of modern applied anthropology? Modern applied anthropology studies local people to determine how to change their behavior. Modern applied anthropology is a helping profession, designed to assist local people. Modern applied anthropology is devoted to assisting corporate clients to influence local people. Modern applied anthropology studies cultures at a distance to try to predict their behavior.

Modern applied anthropology is a helping profession, designed to assist local people.

Which of the following are true regarding development projects? Projects fail when they are economically or culturally incompatible. People's motives for modifying behavior are often abstract, such as desiring progress or improving efficiency. People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have. The local people's objectives are down-to-earth and specific.

Projects fail when they are economically or culturally incompatible. People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have. The local people's objectives are down-to-earth and specific.

Svetlana has had flu-like symptoms since being bitten by a mosquito. Roberto works long hours at a minimum-wage warehouse job and is always tired and lethargic. Which of the following best describes Svetlana and Roberto's conditions? Svetlana has disease, and Roberto has illness. Svetlana is ill, and Roberto is healthy. Svetlana and Roberto are both imagining their sicknesses. Svetlana suffers from illness and Roberto from disease.

Svetlana has disease, and Roberto has illness.

Which of the following are true of Western medicine and evidence of improvements over tribal treatments? There are thousands of effective drugs. There is universal and equitable access to health care. Surgical procedures are safer and more effective. Antibiotics are prevalent and overprescribed.

There are thousands of effective drugs. Surgical procedures are safer and more effective.

What role can anthropologists play in market research? They can help marketers understand what customers do, think, and want. They are primarily valuable for their understanding of statistics. Their only function is as survey designers. None; it would be unethical for them to do so.

They can help marketers understand what customers do, think, and want.

What usually happens to the traditional role of curer when Western medicine is introduced into local cultures? They are marginalized and eventually replaced by physicians. They are relegated to performing only ceremonial, rather than functional, roles. They continue treating certain conditions, often receiving credit alongside a physician for cures. They become more powerful within their cultures as suspicion of physicians grows.

They continue treating certain conditions, often receiving credit alongside a physician for cures.

What usually happens to the traditional role of curer when Western medicine is introduced into local cultures? They continue treating certain conditions, often receiving credit alongside a physician for cures. They are marginalized and eventually replaced by physicians. They become more powerful within their cultures as suspicion of physicians grows. They are relegated to performing only ceremonial, rather than functional, roles.

They continue treating certain conditions, often receiving credit alongside a physician for cures.

Which of the following are limitations of focus groups and surveys? They elicit only what people, say, report, or write down. People tend to rush through surveys. Focus groups can be unduly influenced by one or two members. They study real-time, real-life behavior. They rely too much on dialogue research.

They elicit only what people, say, report, or write down. People tend to rush through surveys. Focus groups can be unduly influenced by one or two members.

Compatible and successful development projects avoid the fallacy of overinnovation. must be strictly and rigidly regulated by the funding organization. are rarely financially successful, but cultural compatibility is more important than money. usually face the most resistance from local people.

avoid the fallacy of overinnovation.

Which of the following do development anthropologists do? carry out development policies designed by others work mainly in the United States plan and guide development policies work on development policies to enhance quality of life for local people

carry out development policies designed by others plan and guide development policies work on development policies to enhance quality of life for local people

When planners have tried to impose incompatible property concepts and social units on local people, the faulty social design usually assumes which of the following? cooperatives that are partially based on models from the former Eastern bloc and Socialist countries units of production that are privately owned and worked by a nuclear family cooperatives that harnessed preexisting local-level communal institutions faulty indigenous social models such as traditional social units

cooperatives that are partially based on models from the former Eastern bloc and Socialist countries units of production that are privately owned and worked by a nuclear family

Using anthropological expertise in the planning of development projects in order to ensure cultural compatibility is misguided. best left to academic anthropologists. cost effective. financially irresponsible.

cost effective.

A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen is known as ______, whereas a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual is known as ______. virus; malaise disease; illness biology; sociology illness; disease

disease; illness

Juan suffered a terrible fright late one night, and ever since he has felt distracted and lethargic. His father believes he has developed susto, an illness caused by anxiety or fright. Which illness-causation theory does Juan's father follow? emotionalistic personalistic naturalistic humanistic

emotionalistic

A commonly stated goal of recent development policy is to promote equity. corporate wealth. work for subsistence rather than cash. poverty.

equity.

Which of the following are features of anthropology that are of value to business? tax breaks for employing anthropologists ethnography as ways of gathering data cross-cultural expertise a focus on diversity

ethnography as ways of gathering data cross-cultural expertise a focus on diversity

In a corporate setting, one of the anthropologist's main jobs is to check and verify the firm's financial records. identify a competitor's weaknesses and devise ways to exploit them. help workers and managers understand each other. help managers use psychology to keep the workers under control.

help workers and managers understand each other.

Modern applied anthropology usually is seen as a(n) ______ profession designed to assist local people. policy-changing anti-establishment protest helping

helping

An applied anthropology approach to urban planning begins by doing a field study of the rural and tribal areas from which urban migrants come. separating migrants' rural roots from their urban patterns of life. investigating existing urban slums and researching ways to reverse such trends. identifying key social groups in specific urban contexts.

identifying key social groups in specific urban contexts.

Which of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists? identifying needs for change that local people perceive working with local people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that may threaten them working with corporations and governments to impose their agendas and policies on local people

identifying needs for change that local people perceive working with local people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that may threaten them

eduction in absolute poverty, with a more even distribution of wealth, is known as negative equity. cultural resource management. increased equity. development anthropology.

increased equity.

In a study conducted in Finland and the United Kingdom, a team of anthropologists working for "BeerCo" studied a dozen bars and pubs in those countries. Which of the following research techniques did they use? focus groups physician-patient dialogue study observation and participant observation note-taking video and still photography

observation and participant observation note-taking video and still photography

An anthropologist employed by a hospital or large corporation can observe and converse with all types of employees. view the organization's problems from a unique perspective. resolve almost any chronic interpersonal hostility. help streamline buying processes to save money. help personnel at various levels in the hierarchy understand each other.

observe and converse with all types of employees. view the organization's problems from a unique perspective. help personnel at various levels in the hierarchy understand each other.

Mariela believes that ancestral spirits caused her mother's illness. Which illness-causation theory does Mariela believe? naturalistic humanistic personalistic emotionalistic

personalistic

Medical anthropologists also consider the impact of new scientific and medical techniques on ideas about life, death, and urban slums. how students interact with teachers and their communities. the overinnovation of development projects. personhood, or what it means to be a person.

personhood, or what it means to be a person.

Industrialization and globalization contribute to which of the following in cities? polluted air equitable distribution of resources increased exposure to pathogens increased access to organic foods poorer diets

polluted air increased exposure to pathogens poorer diets

After the Vietnam War, many refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos settled in the United States. Grouping them all together as Vietnamese refugees illustrates the fallacy of overinnovation. a clear benefit to those displaced groups. a necessary step toward their rehabilitation. the fallacy of underdifferentiation.

the fallacy of underdifferentiation.

Which of the following best explains why businesses would hire an anthropologist? to gain a better understanding of their customers to appease their shareholders to fulfill equity requirements to give them credibility and power over their employees

to gain a better understanding of their customers

Which of the following is one role of the urban applied anthropologist? to represent and support the needs of migrants, even if those needs are illegal to provide cash support and lodging for rural relatives of migrants to help people deal with urban institutions, such as legal and social services to persuade and help migrants to let go of their pasts and fully adapt to their new urban environments

to help people deal with urban institutions, such as legal and social services

Which of the following did Bronislaw Malinowski believe was the job of the anthropologist? to adapt colonial rule to conform to "native" culture to question colonial rule to make colonial rule work harmoniously to defend the indigenous culture in colonies

to make colonial rule work harmoniously