Chapter 4 Atoms

representative elements

1A to 8A, groups that end in A.

How are chemical symbols abbreviated?

Abbreviations are always single or double lettered. The first letter is ALWAYS capitalized. Second letter always lowercase, which helps differentiate from two different elements in a compound. E.g Co is cobalt(element), CO is carbon and oxygen bound together(compound).

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, but still having the same atomic number. this in turn affects the mass number of the atom. Chemical composition does NOT change

Compare and contrast protons and electrons

Both are electrically charged, however protons are positively charged whereas electrons are negatively charged. Protons are located in nucleus of atom, electrons circulate the space outside of nucleus. Protons have greater mass than electrons, and thus contribute to atomic mass.

What are some consequences of mercury poisoning?

Brain damage, mental retardation, kidney damage, death.

How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a bromine atom that has a mass number of 80?

Bromine (Br) has atomic number of 35. 80-35= 45 neutrons

Why is mercury (Hg) toxic to humans?

Destroys protein and interferes with cell function.

Which element in group 1a is not an alkali metal?

Hydrogen (H), they have different properties than rest of elements in group and they are non metal.

What is the symbol of the alkali metal in Period 3?

Na ; sodium

Why are the electrons attracted to the protons in the nucleus of an atom?

Opposite charges attract one another.

What are abbreviations for the sub atomic particles.

Proton = p or p+ Neutron = n or n^0 electron = e-

How does the wavelength of ultraviolet light compare to that of a microwave?

The UV light is much higher in energy, wavelengths are shorter. Whereas the microwave has lower energy and longer wavelengths.

ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

What is the atomic mass?

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

What chemical properties do elements in group 1a share?

These are alkali metals except for hydrogen (H), and they react vigorously with water. When they react with oxygen, they form white products.

Sometimes clothes cling together when removed from a dryer. What kinds of charges are on the clothes?

This is a result of opposite charges attracted to one another, causing the clinging of clothes.

electromagnetic radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

metallic character

a measure of how easily an element loses a valence electron

how many orbits and total electrons do each of the following types of sublevels contain? a. s b. p c. d d. f

a single orbit contains 2 electrons a. 1 orbit, 2 electrons b. 3 orbits, 6 electrons c. 5 orbits, 10 electrons d. 7 orbits, 14 electrons

4.30 How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of each of the following elements? a. carbon b. fluorine c. tin d. nickel

a. 6 b. 9 c. 50 d. 28

4.5 Write the names for the elements in each of the following for- mulas of compounds used in health and medicine: a. table salt, NaCl b. plastercasts, CaSO4 c. Demerol, C15H22ClNO2 d. treatment of bipolar disorder, Li2CO3

a. Sodium Chloride b. Calcium sulphate; consist of 1 Calcium, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygens c. Meperidine Hydrochloride(an opioid for pain); consist of 15 carbons, 22 hydrogens, 1 Chlorine, 1 Nitrogen, 2 Oxygens d. Lithium Citrate(mood stabilizer for depression); consist of 2 lithiums, 1 carbon, 3 oxygens

4.4 Write the name for the symbol of each of the following elements essential in the body: a. V b. P c. Na d. As e. Ca f. Mo g. Mg h. Si

a. Vanadium b. Phosphorous c. Sodium d. Arsenic e. Calcium f. Molybdenum g. Magnesium h. Silicon

4.17 Identify each of the following as describing either a proton, a neutron, or an electron: a. has the smallest mass b. has a 1+ charge c. is found outside the nucleus d. is electrically neutral

a. electron b. proton c. electron d. neutron

Use periodic table to Identify the group or period number described by each of the following: a. contains Na, K, and Rb b. begins with Li c. contains the noble gases d. contains F, Cl, Br, and I

a. group 1a (alkali metals) b. period 2 c. group 8a d. Group 7a (Halogens)

4.45 Indicate the number of each in the following: a. orbitals in the 3d sublevel b. sublevels in the n = 1 energy level c. orbitals in the 6s sublevel d. orbitals in the n = 3 energy level

a. in 3d there are 5 orbitals b. 1 sublevel; s c. 1 orbital d. 9 orbitals

How and why does atom size change when moving from left to right in period row?

atom size decreases, due to addition of protons, which pulls attractive forces of electrons closer to nucleus, thus decreasing atomic size.

How is atomic size determined?

by the distance of the valence electrons from the nucleus. The further away the electron, the bigger the atom.

how do you determine how many valence electrons are in an atom?

find out which group number the atom belongs in, that number represents the number of valence electrons. MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENT!

transition elements

group numbers followed by the letter "B.

How and why does ionization energy change across a period?

it increases, due to an increase in protons which causes increase of positive charges and thus attracts electrons closer to nucleus.

Which type of element has most ionization energy?

non metals, noble gases

inner transition elements

periods 6 and 7, very last two rows

what are the kinds of electromagnetic radiation?

radio waves(tv, cellphone), microwaves, visible light, uv light, xrays, gamma rays

What are subatomic particles?

smaller bits of matter than make up an atom. These include protons, neutrons, and electrons.

How does size of atom change from top to bottom of a group?

the atom grow larger as it goes down the group due to higher energy, which means electron is further away from nucleus.

how does the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom affect ionization energy?

the further the electron from the nucleus, the less ionization energy the atom has. thus going down a group, the ionization energy decreases, meaning the electrons don't require much energy to be removed

What is the role of potassium(K) in the body?

the most common electrolyte found INSIDE of cells. regulates osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, nerve and muscle excitability, and the function of cellular enzymes.

what is the atomic number and why is it important in distinguishing elements?

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element, always the same. Example Hydrogen has atomic number of 1, it has 1 proton. Any atom that only has 1 atom is always gunna be a hydrogen ion.

mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus.

period

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. 7 periods total.

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Periodic Table of Elements

A table that classifies elements by their physical and chemical properties; rows are called periods; columns are called groups

Is the following statement true or false? The nucleus occupies a large volume in an atom.

False, most of the volume of the atom is outside the nucleus.

What causes electrons to move to higher energy levels?

Electrons move up to higher energy levels only when they absorb a specific amount of energy; the difference in energy levels from the higher level and lower level it came from from.

4.26 Identify the type of subatomic particles described by each of the following: a. atomic number b. mass number c. mass number - atomic number

a. protons and electrons b. protons and neutrons c. neutrons

How can you calculate the number of electrons in an atom?

no calculation needed. every atoms overall charge is always neutral, because there are equal amounts of protons and electrons which then balance it out. By knowing how many protons are in an atom, one can figure out how many electrons there are.

Write the chemical symbols for the elements silicon, sulfur, and silver.

(Si),(S),(Ag)

What is the mass of protons and neutrons?

1 amu. More sprecifally protons are 1.007 and neutrons are 1.008.

How many elements are there and how many occur naturally?

118, of which 88 occur naturally and make up everything in our world.

How many electrons can each orbital hold?

2 electrons

How many elements are essential to the human body?

20

What was Dalton's atomic theory?

All matter is made up of atoms, Atoms cannot be created, divided, or destroyed, All atoms of a certain element are identical but different from atoms of other elements, Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances called compounds. These compounds always have same proportions of elements. A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement, separation, or combination of atoms.

Are the elements Si, P, and S part of a group or a period?

Silicon, Phosphorous and Sulfur are part of period 3.

Compare and contrast Group 1a and 2a

Group 1a is alkali metals and group 2a is alkaline earth metals. While both are shiny metals, group 2a differs in the fact that it is not as reactive as group 1a.

Compare and contrast halogens to noble gases.

Halogens are found in group 7a, noble gases are found in group 8a. Halogens are reactive and frequently form compounds with other elements whereas noble gases are the opposite, barely forming compounds and unreactive.

What are some abnormalities of potassium (K) serum levels?

Hyperkalemia - an excess of serum potassium. Can result due to damaged cells, or renal failure which results in inadequate excretion of K. Hypokalemia - low K levels in blood. Vommiting, diarrhea, renal deficiencies and glucose and insulin therapy.

compare and contrast low energy and high energy radiation

Low energy radiations have longer wavelengths. High energy radiations have shorter wavelengths. They both travel at the same speed of light despite their differences. Electrons are closer to nucleus of lower energy radiation whereas they are further in higher energy radiation.

How can you calculate number of neutrons in an atom when it is missing?

Mass number - atomic number(number of protons)= number of neutrons

How do metalloids differ from metals and non metals?

Metalloids fall right in the middle of the spectrum in comparison of physical properties. They are better than non metals are conducting heat and electricity, but not as good as metals, thus being known as semiconductors.

Compare and contrast metals to non metals

Metals are great conductors of heat and electricity, whereas non metals are not. Metals have higher densities, higher melting points than non metals.

Which two subatomic particles have the same mass and are used to calculate atomic mass calculations?

Protons and neutrons. Electrons mass is so small that it is ignored in atomic mass calculations.

Sublevels

Refers to electron orbitals designated s, p, d or f in order of lowest to highest energy. These have characteristic shapes which can be used to explain and predict the chemical bonds that atoms can form.

What physical properties do Na, K, Li, Rb, and Cs have in common?

Sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, and Cesium are all alkali metals from group 1a. Alkali metals are soft, shiny metals that are good conductors of heat and electricity. All have a low melting point.

Vanadium is a micromineral needed in the formation of bones and teeth. Write the atomic symbol for the single naturally occurring isotope of vanadium, which has 27 neutrons.

Symbol for vanadium is V, atomic number is 23, thus there are 23 protons. Mass number = atomic number + number of neutrons. 23+27=50. Atomic symbol would be 50V 23

What happens when objects with like charges are placed close together?

The charges repel each other.

Why can we say that the atom is mostly empty space?

The mass of the atom comes from the nucleus which contains a neutron and proton, the nucleus is very tiny and takes upon all a small space in the atom. The area outside of the nucleus is occupied by circulating electrons which are very light.

How is the atomic symbol read?

Two numbers to the left of the element, the upper left number is the mass number, the lower left number is the atomic number.

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an isotope using the atomic symbol?

Upper left number(mass number) - (minus) lower left number (atomic number) = number of neutrons.

atomic mass unit (amu)

a unit of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom. Also reffered to as a dalton.

4.29 How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of each of the following elements? a. argon b. manganese c. iodine d. cadmium

a. 18 b. 25 c. 53 d. 48

Chromium, a micromineral needed for maintenance of blood sugar levels, has four naturally occurring isotopes: a. 50Cr 24 b. 52Cr 24 c. 53Cr 24 d. 54Cr 24 Determine the number of protons and number of neutrons in each of these isotopes.

a. 24 protons for all, due to it being the same element. 50-24=26 neutrons b. 52-24=28 neutrons c. 53-24=29 neutrons d. 54-24= 30 neutrons

4.35 Write the atomic symbol for the isotope with each of the following characteristics: a. 15 protons and 16 neutrons b. 35 protons and 45 neutrons c. 50 electrons and 72 neutrons d. a chlorine atom with 18 neutrons e. a mercury atom with 122 neutrons

a. 31P (15 protons + 16 neutrons= 31 15 b. 80Br 35+45=80 35 c. 122Sn 50+72=122 50 d. 35Cl 17+18=35 17 e. 202Hg 80+122=202 80

4.37 Argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 36, 38, and 40. a. Write the atomic symbol for each of these atoms. b. How are these isotopes alike? c. How are they different?

a. 36Ar 38Ar 40Ar 18 18 18 b. have same number of protons c. have different number of neutrons

4.33 What are the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following isotopes? a. 89Sr 38 b. 52Cr 24 c. 34S 16 d. 81Br 35

a. 38 protons, 38 electrons, 89-38= 51 neutrons b. 24 protons, 24 electrons, 52-24=28 neutrons c. 16 protons, 16 electrons, 34-16=18 neutrons d. 35 protons, 35 electrons, 81-35=46 neutrons

4.46 Indicate the number of each in the following: a. orbitals in the n = 2 energy level b. sublevels in the n = 4 energy level c. orbitals in the 5f sublevel d. orbitals in the 6p sublevel

a. 4 orbitals b. 4, s,p,d,f c. 7 d. 1

4.47 Indicate the maximum number of electrons in the following: a. 2p orbital b. 3p sublevel c. n = 4 energy level d. 5d sublevel

a. 6 electrons b. 6 c. 32 d. 10

4.10 Give the symbol of the element described by each of the following: a. an alkaline earth metal in Period 2 b. Group 5A (15), Period 3 c. a noble gas in Period 4 d. a halogen in Period 5 e. Group 4A (14), Period 4

a. Be; Berrylium b. P; phosphorous, essential for bones/teeth c. Kr; krypton d. I; iodine e. Ge; germanium

4.9 Give the symbol of the element described by each of the following: a. Group 4A (14), Period 2 b. a noble gas in Period 1 c. an alkali metal in Period 3 d. Group 2A (2), Period 4 e. Group 3A (13), Period 3

a. C; carbon b. He; helium c. Na; sodium essential for nerve impulses, water balance d. Ca, calcium essential for bones teeth e. Al, aluminum

4.3 Write the name for the symbol of each of the following elements essential in the body: a. C b. Cl c. N d. S e. I f. Zn g. Se h. Co

a. Carbon b. Chlorine c. Nitrogen d. Sulfur e. Iodine f. Zinc g. Selenium h. Cobalt

4.1 Write the symbols for the following elements: a. copper b. platinum c. calcium d. manganese e. iron f. barium g. lead h. strontium

a. Cu b. Pt c. Ca d. Mn (Don't confuse for Mg with is magnesium) e. Fe f. Ba g. Pb h. Sr

Strontium is an element that gives a brilliant red color to fireworks. a. In what group is strontium found? b. What is the name of this chemical family? c. In what period is strontium found? d. Is strontium a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid?

a. Group 2a b. Alkaline earth metal c. Period 5 d. Non metal

4.28 Write the names and symbols for the elements with the follow- ing atomic numbers: a.1 b.11 c. 19 d. 15 e. 82 f. 35 g. 47 h. 2

a. H, hydrogen, non metal b. Na, sodium alkali metal c. K, potassium alkali metal d. P, phosphorous non metal e. Pb, lead transition element, metal f. Br, bromine halogen g. Ag, silver, transition element, gold. h. He, helium, noble gas

4.27 Write the names and symbols for the elements with the follow- ing atomic numbers: a.3 b.9 c. 20 d. 30 e. 10 f. 14 g. 53 h. 8

a. Li, lithium alkali metal b. F, flourine halogen c. Ca, calcium alkaline earth metal d. Zn, zinc transiton element, metal e. Ne, neon noble gas f. Si, silicon metalloid g. I, iodine halogen h. O, oxygen nonmetal

4.15 Using the Chemistry Link to Health: Elements Essential to Health, answer each of the following: a. What is a macromineral? b. What is the role of sulfur in the human body?

a. Macrominerals are essential minerals needed in smaller amounts in the body, easily obtained through diet. Include Ca, Na, P, Cl, Mg, K, S which are representative elements from period 3 and 4. b. Sulfur is important component of proteins, vitamin b1, liver and insulin.

4.2 Write the symbols for the following elements: a. oxygen b. lithium c. hydrogen d. chromium e. uranium f. tin g. titanium h. gold

a. O b. Li c. H d. Cr e. U f. Sn g. Ti h. Au

Use the periodic table to classify each of the following elements by its group and period, group name, and as a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid: a. Na, important in nerve impulses, regulates blood pressure b. I, needed to produce thyroid hormones c. Si, needed for tendons and ligaments

a. Sodium, group 1a, period 3, alkali metal b. Iodine, group 7a, period 5, halogen, non metal c. Silicon, group 4a, period 3, metalloid

4.16 Using the Chemistry Link to Health: Elements Essential to Health, answer each of the following: a. What is a micromineral? b. What is the role of iodine in the human body?

a. a micromineral also known as trace elements are essential elements needed in very small amounts. b. proper thyroid function

4.25 Would you use the atomic number, mass number, or both to determine each of the following? a. number of protons in an atom b. number of neutrons in an atom c. number of particles in the nucleus d. number of electrons in a neutral atom

a. atomic number b. both c. both d. atomic number

Zinc, a micromineral, is needed for metabolic reactions in cells, DNA synthesis, the growth of bones, teeth, and connective tissue, and the proper functioning of the immune system. For an atom of zinc that has a mass number of 68, determine the following: a. the number of protons b. the number of neutrons c. the number of electrons

a. atomic number: 30 b. 68(mass number)-30(atomic number)= 38(number of neutrons) c. 30

4.13 Using Table 4.4, identify the function of each of the following in the body and classify each as an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition element, or a halogen: a. Ca b. Fe c. K d. Cl

a. calcium (Alkaline earth metal), Essential for bones and teeth b. iron (Non metal, transition element), essential for rbcs, O2 carrier component in hemoglobin c. Potassium(Alkali metal), most abundant electrolyte inside of cells, essential for nerve impulses and muscle contractions. d. Chlorine (halogen, non metal), Most prevalent negative ion in ECF, stomach acid

4.14 Using Table 4.4, identify the function of each of the following in the body and classify each as an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition element, or a halogen: a. Mg b. Cu c. I d. Na

a. magnesium (alkaline earth metal), functions for metabolic reactions and huge part of bones. b. Copper (transition element, metal) needed for vessels, Blood pressure, immune system) c. Iodine (Halogen, non metal) needed for proper function of thyroid. d. Sodium (alkali metal) needed for muscle contractions, nerve impulses, water balances. Also most prevalent positive ion in ECF.

4.11 Identify each of the following elements as a metal, a nonmetal,or a metalloid: a. calcium b. sulfur c. a shiny element d. an element that is a gas at room temperature e. located in Group 8A f. bromine g. boron h. silver

a. metal b. non metal c. metal d. non metal e. non metal f. non metal g. metalloid (abbreviation B) h. metal

4.18 Identify each of the following as describing either a proton, a neutron, or an electron: a. has a mass about the same as a proton b. is found in the nucleus c. is attracted to the protons d. has a 1- charge

a. neutron b. proton and neutron c. electron d. electron

Use periodic table to Identify the group or period number described by each of the following: a. contains the elements C, N, and O b. begins with helium c. contains the alkali metals d. ends with neon

a. period 2 b. group 8a (noble gases) c. Group 1a d. Period 2

Indicate whether each of the following is true or false: a. A proton is heavier than an electron. b. An electron is attracted to a neutron. c. The nucleus contains all the protons and neutrons of an atom.

a. true b. false, neutron has no charge it is neutral. electron attracted to proton which is positively charged. c. True, this accounts for mass of atom.

Is each of the following statements true or false? a. A proton is attracted to an electron. b. A neutron has twice the mass of a proton. c. Neutrons repel each other. d. Electrons and neutrons have opposite charges.

a. true b. false, weigh the same c. false, they are neutral and neither attract or repel. d. false, electrons are negatively charged, neutrons have no charge

Is each of the following statements true or false? a. A proton and an electron have opposite charges. b. The nucleus contains most of the mass of an atom. c. Electrons repel each other. d. A proton is attracted to a neutron.

a. true, thus they attract one another. b. true, contains protons and neutrons which weigh 1 amu c. true, identical charges repel, opposite attracts d. False, neutron has no charge, it is neutral.

principal quantum number

assigned by the quantum mechanical model to indicate the relative sizes and energies of atomic orbitals

What is the result of an electron moving to a lower level?

electron emits energy

Which component of the atom determines its chemical characteristics?

electrons

Lewis symbol

the representation of an atom that shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element

What is an atom?

the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element

In which directions do electrons spin in an orbit?

they spin in clockwise and counterclockwise directions opposite from one another

What are valence electrons and why are they important?

valence electrons are electrons furthest form nucleus of an atom of a representative element. They determine chemical properties of an element.

Group

vertical column on the periodic table. Elements in a column have similar properties.

what is the distance between the peaks of waves called?

wavelengths