Chapter 4

Transitions that bring about changes in one's life are called rites of _________.

passage

Select all that apply According to George Herbert Mead, the self is developed through what three stages? a. Play b. Game c. Life course d. Rite of passage e. Preparatory

a. Play b. Game e. Preparatory

Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead developed the ____________ approach to the self.

interactionist

Match each stage in Piaget's cognitive theory of development with its description. Sensorimotor - Preoperational - Concrete operational - Formal operational - a. Young children use their senses to make discoveries. b. Children engage in more logical thinking. c. Children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas. d. Adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract thought and can think logically.

Sensorimotor - a. Young children use their senses to make discoveries. Preoperational - c. Children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas. Concrete operational - b. Children engage in more logical thinking. Formal operational - d. Adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract thought and can think logically.

Which of these situations could be analyzed from a microsociological perspective? a. A new college graduate learns how to interact with other adults b. A cultural group educates their children on traditions and values c. A younger generation has different beliefs about gender roles than an older generation

a. A new college graduate learns how to interact with other adults

True or false: Social isolation has a negligible impact on children's social and emotional development. a. True b. False

b. False

Psychologist Jean Piaget observed the stages of ______ development from birth to adolescence. a. physical b. linguistic c. cognitive d. sexual

c. cognitive

According to George Herbert Mead, children mimic or imitate others during the ______ stage of development. At this stage the children are not pretending to be someone else; they are only doing what they see others doing. a. generalized other b. game c. preparatory d. role reversal

c. preparatory

According to George Herbert Mead, when children enter the play stage of development they begin to a. consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. b. imitate the people around them by doing exactly what they do. c. pretend to actually BE other people and engage in role-playing. d. think of society as a whole in the abstract.

c. pretend to actually BE other people and engage in role-playing.

What is the process in which an individual rejects former patterns of thought and/or behavior and accepts new ones? a. degradation ceremony b. total institution c. resocialization d. anticipatory socialization

c. resocialization

George Herbert Mead was the first sociologist to analyze the relationship of symbols to a. deviance. b. psychology. c. socialization. d. personality.

c. socialization.

What is the most important agent of socialization for children in the United States? a. technology b. religion c. the classroom d. the family

d. the family

Select all that apply Who of the following are typical examples of a significant other in the development of the self? a. A teacher b. A close friend c. An acquaintance d. A parent e. A religious group

a. A teacher b. A close friend d. A parent

What is one way in which religion and government both impact the life course? a. By instituting important rites of passage b. By providing significant others c. By introducing people to total institutions d. By facilitating role taking

a. By instituting important rites of passage

Which of the following statements are true about the effect of negative messages about race on children's development? a. Children as young as two years of age can pick up negative messages about race. b. Toys designed primarily for white consumers can send Black children negative messages about race. c. Negative messages about race primarily affect the social development of poor children. d. Children usually start being affected by negative messages about race when they are in school.

a. Children as young as two years of age can pick up negative messages about race. b. Toys designed primarily for white consumers can send Black children negative messages about race.

Which term describes the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that children learn to consider? a. Generalized other b. Symbols c. Role taking d. Significant others

a. Generalized other

Which statements about media are true? (Select all that apply.) a. Television and other modern media help people learn about different societies around the world. b. The age at which young people first go online has been increasing. c. Although mass media have large audiences, their influence on society is small. d. Mass media can have both a positive and a negative influence on society.

a. Television and other modern media help people learn about different societies around the world. d. Mass media can have both a positive and a negative influence on society.

In Harry Harlow's 1971 study on rhesus monkeys, what were some of the characteristics of the monkeys who were raised in isolation from their mothers? (Select all that apply.) a. The females who were artificially inseminated became abusive mothers. b. The monkeys did not mate. c. There were food similarities among the monkeys. d. The monkeys were fearful and easily frightened.

a. The females who were artificially inseminated became abusive mothers. b. The monkeys did not mate. d. The monkeys were fearful and easily frightened.

Which of the following best defines Mead's theory of the self? a. The self begins at a person's most self-centered point. b. Other people's thoughts, feelings, and desires are the center of our world. c. The self begins as individuals mature and reflect greater concern about the reactions of others. d. The self is insignificant compared to the whole.

a. The self begins at a person's most self-centered point.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements reflect the importance of human contact in the socialization process? a. Toddlers' social interaction with peers is critical for emotional growth. b. Human relationships are shaped through socialization. c. Human beings develop just fine with or without normal social interaction. d. Social isolation affects children's ability to communicate effectively.

a. Toddlers' social interaction with peers is critical for emotional growth. b. Human relationships are shaped through socialization. d. Social isolation affects children's ability to communicate effectively.

As children develop skills in communicating through symbols and begin to pretend to be other people, they gradually become more aware of social relationships. a. True b. False

a. True

True or false: As we grow up and grow older, our peers increasingly assume the role of Mead's significant others. a. True b. False

a. True

Select all that apply Which of the following situations might lead you to engage in face-work? a. You give the wrong answer when called on in class. b. You ask someone out and they reject you. c. You get sad news about one of your friends. d. You are celebrating an accomplishment with your family.

a. You give the wrong answer when called on in class. b. You ask someone out and they reject you.

According to Erving Goffman, what is an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority? a. a total institution b. a degradation ceremony c. an anticipatory institution d. an authoritarian institution

a. a total institution

Select all that apply The two types of socialization that occur at many points throughout life are ______. a. anticipatory socialization b. forced socialization c. antisocialization d. resocialization

a. anticipatory socialization d. resocialization

A young woman decides she wants to become a professional model, so she surfs the Internet for information and attends modeling classes. This is an example of a. anticipatory socialization. b. occupational socialization. c. resocialization. d. total institution.

a. anticipatory socialization.

The process of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships is referred to as a. anticipatory socialization. b. resocialization. c. midlife crisis. d. dramatized socialization.

a. anticipatory socialization.

The process of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions and occupations is ______, and the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones is ______. a. anticipatory socialization; resocialization b. resocialization; emerging adulthood c. a rite of passage; reorganization d. occupational socialization; anticipatory socialization

a. anticipatory socialization; resocialization

Select all that apply What factors help establish gender roles in a society? a. culturally defined behaviors and attitudes of men and women b. personality traits that vary widely among individuals c. the political stability of the country d. activities typically expected of men and women

a. culturally defined behaviors and attitudes of men and women d. activities typically expected of men and women

When sociologists use the term agents of socialization, what are they referring to? a. different social forces that influence our lives and alter our self-images b. law enforcement agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and Secret Service c. biological factors that determine how humans behave d. federal government agencies such as the EPA, IRS, and FDA

a. different social forces that influence our lives and alter our self-images

What term did Goffman use to describe maintaining a proper image of the self during social interaction? a. face-work b. the looking-glass self c. the generalized other d. the play stage

a. face-work

In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the ______ stage is when children begin to understand not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. a. game b. looking-glass self c. play d. preparatory

a. game

Select all that apply Which of the following require resocialization? a. getting a divorce b. moving to another state c. becoming a parent d. going on a vacation

a. getting a divorce b. moving to another state c. becoming a parent

What do children begin to do during the game stage? (Select all that apply.) a. grasp their own social positions as well as those of other b. consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously c. consider the effect their behavior has on others d. think of their own wants and needs in a new way

a. grasp their own social positions as well as those of other b. consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously c. consider the effect their behavior has on others

Psychologist Sigmund Freud studied the relationship between ______ gratification and human development. a. sexual b. intellectual c. violent d. social

a. sexual

People who play a crucial role in developing an individual's self are called ______ others. a. significant b. generalized c. anticipatory d. symbolic

a. significant

Select all that apply Recent studies involving identical twins note that certain characteristics appeared to be strikingly similar even in twins reared apart. What were some of these characteristics? a. voice patterns b. values c. temperaments d. musical tastes e. nervous habits

a. voice patterns c. temperaments e. nervous habits

The process of socialization begins when children are a. 3 or 4 years old. b. entering school. c. born. d. old enough to learn language.

c. born.

Which of the following are true of the looking-glass self? a. It persists even if the environment changes. b. It may be an inaccurate perception of how others view us. c. It involves imagining how other people view themselves. d. It is subject to change.

b. It may be an inaccurate perception of how others view us. d. It is subject to change.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true about total institutions? a. Participants are involved and consulted with to devise rules in the institution. b. People often lose their individuality within total institutions. c. Resocialization is least effective when it occurs within total institutions. d. Total institutions are generally cut off from the rest of society.

b. People often lose their individuality within total institutions. d. Total institutions are generally cut off from the rest of society.

Which of the following statements is true about how social scientists view human development today? a. Social scientists believe that nature, or heredity, shapes human development. b. Social scientists believe that the interaction of heredity and the environment shapes human development. c. Researchers look to the environment to explain human development. d. Scientists are sharply divided over whether nature or nurture is the key to human development.

b. Social scientists believe that the interaction of heredity and the environment shapes human development.

Select all that apply What did Harry Harlow find when he gave monkeys raised in isolation the choice of cloth-covered or wire substitute mothers? a. The monkeys preferred the comfort provided by the wire mother because they could feed whenever they were hungry. b. The monkeys went only to the wire mother to feed. c. None of the monkeys went to the wire mother. d. The monkeys' social attachments depended more on warmth and intimacy than on getting food. e. The monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother.

b. The monkeys went only to the wire mother to feed. d. The monkeys' social attachments depended more on warmth and intimacy than on getting food. e. The monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother.

Personality refers to a. how one evaluates oneself. b. a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviors. c. conformity to the ideal cultural standard of physical attractiveness. d. a person's self-image.

b. a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviors.

Children play a(n) ______ role in socialization because they influence and alter their family, school, and peers. a. passive b. active c. uninterested d. neutral

b. active

The self is a(n) ______ identity that sets us apart from others and continues to develop and change throughout our lives. a. biological b. distinct c. assigned d. predetermined

b. distinct

Even though children are highly influenced by their peer group and the mass media, the ______ exerts more influence in their socialization than any other agent. a. Internet b. family c. schools d. workplace

b. family

In his stages of the self, George Herbert Mead noted that children eventually develop what he called generalized other, which applies to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that children take into account in their behavior. This concept is applied as part of the a. preparatory stage. b. game stage. c. play stage.

b. game stage.

Select all that apply According to Jean Piaget, what do children pay more attention to as they grow older? a. themselves more than others b. how other people think c. why people act in particular ways

b. how other people think c. why people act in particular ways

Susan is texting on her cell phone while taking an exam. When her professor walks toward her desk, she hides the phone so she appears to be focused on the exam. Susan is engaging in a. resocialization. b. impression management. c. gender roles. d. the looking-glass self.

b. impression management.

The process of socialization is a(n) a. negative process. b. lifelong process. c. temporary process that ends when the child begins school. d. process that begins when the child graduates from school.

b. lifelong process.

Select all that apply The phrase "looking-glass self" refers to our view of ourselves that comes from which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. television, radio, and other media sources b. our impressions of how others perceive us c. contemplation of our personal qualities d. imagining how we present ourselves to others

b. our impressions of how others perceive us c. contemplation of our personal qualities d. imagining how we present ourselves to others

What did Mead call the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint? a. psychological stability b. role taking c. the I/me concept d. biological development

b. role taking

Which of the following is the correct order for the development of children's thought processes in Piaget's theory? a. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. concrete operational, formal operational, preoperational, sensorimotor d. formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational

b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

If children read or hear negative messages about their race, their ______ development can be affected. a. educational b. social c. linguistic d. physical

b. social

The process by which individuals learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture is called ______. a. socialism b. socialization c. imprinting d. tutoring

b. socialization

A woman who loves statistics but decides not to pursue mathematics in college because she has internalized the societal expectation that women are not typically good at math has undergone a. social promotion. b. socialization. c. culture transmission. d. human interaction.

b. socialization.

According to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, what do people's social interactions resemble? a. the characters of a novel b. stage performers in action c. animals in a zoo d. directors of a movie

b. stage performers in action

The term generalized other refers to a. the gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication. b. the idea that an individual acts are influenced by whole groups of people c. how children imitate the people around them, especially family members.

b. the idea that an individual acts are influenced by whole groups of people

Moral development becomes an important part of socialization as children develop the ability to a. read at higher levels. b. think more abstractly. c. speak more concretely. d. play more intently.

b. think more abstractly.

Which sociologist developed the theory of the self as a matter of learning to assume the perspective of others? a. Charles Horton Cooley b. Erving Goffman c. George Herbert Mead d. Sigmund Freud

c. George Herbert Mead

Rank the steps of the process of developing a self-identity according to Cooley's concept of looking-glass self, with the first step at the top. a. We imagine how others evaluate us. b. We develop feelings about ourselves as a result of various impressions. c. We imagine how we present ourselves to others.

c. We imagine how we present ourselves to others. a. We imagine how others evaluate us. b. We develop feelings about ourselves as a result of various impressions.

Learning to behave appropriately at work represents a. an end to socialization for both adolescents and adults. b. the end of a family's influence on socialization. c. a fundamental aspect of occupational socialization. d. the end of one's formal education.

c. a fundamental aspect of occupational socialization.

Family, schools, mass media, and the state are considered ______ socialization. a. opponents of b. unimportant to c. agents of

c. agents of

What term did Charles Horton Cooley use to emphasize the importance of social interactions in relation to the self? a. Stage of the self b. Self-absorbed self c. Game-stage self d. Looking-glass self

d. Looking-glass self

Which phrase correctly describes the self? a. Once we have a sense of self locked in place, it is unlikely to change. b. The self develops organically within us as our biological drives develop. c. The self is a static phenomenon that does not develop once it is established. d. The self is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout life.

d. The self is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout life.

Sociologists consider the transition from student to graduate an example of a. facework. b. role taking. c. the play stage. d. a rite of passage.

d. a rite of passage.

Which term did Erving Goffman use to describe how individuals alter their appearance and behavior for the sake of particular audiences? a. resocialization b. theory of the self c. the looking-glass self d. impression management

d. impression management

According to sociologists, both government and ______ shape the socialization process by regulating the life course and influencing behavior at particular ages. a. diet b. popular music c. genetics d. religion

d. religion