Chapter 4 (Bacteria and Archaea)

The prefix "________" means "in a chain".

"Strepto"

What diseases are caused by endospore-forming bacteria?

* Anthrax * Botulism * Tetanus

What are medically relevant endospore-producing genera?

* Bacillus * Clostridium

What are some methods used to identify bacteria?

* Bacterial biochemistry * Cell morphology * Genetic techniques * Serological analysis

What structures are parts of a flagellum in Prokaryotes?

* Basal body * Hook * Filament

What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?

* Cocci (spherically-shaped; round) * Bacilli (rod-like) * Spirillum (Spiral-like)

What two domains are the most closely related?

* Domain Archaea * Domain Eukarya

What characteristics are true for archaea but not bacteria?

* Easily live in harsh environments * Similar ribosome structure to eukaryotes

How is the glycocalyx important in the ability of bacteria to cause infection?

* Helps the bacteria evade immune defenses * Allows for the formation of biofilms * Allows the bacteria to adhere well to medical devices

What does the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell contain?

* Lipoproteins * Lipopolysaccharide

What roles do teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid play in gram-positive cells?

* Maintenance of the cell wall * Enlargement during cell division * Contribute to charge of the cell surface

List the flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum.

* Peritrichous * Amphitrichous * Lophotrichous

List some characterizes of Archaea:

* Prokaryotic * Able to exist in extreme environments * Closely related to eukaryotes

What are the characteristics of Archaea but not bacteria?

* Similar ribosome structure to Eukaryotes * Easily live in harsh environments

What are the advantages of endospore formation?

* The endospore provided protection in dry conditions * The endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat * The endospores is more resistant to antimicrobial agents

Bacterial ribosome is a ____S ribosome.

70 S

Which staining technique allows differentiation of mycobacterial cells?

Acid-fast stain

Define Pilus-

An appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it.

What is glycocalyx?

An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell

What is the name of the bacteria that do not use oxygen during metabolism?

Anaerobes

What filament is a periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria?

Axial

What are the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria?

Capsules and slime layer

What acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external contents of a cell?

Cell membrane

List what structures are possessed by ALL bacteria:

Cell membrane, chromosomes, and ribosomes

What two characteristics are distinguishable between Eukaryotes and Bacteria/Archaea?

Cell wall composition and presence of organelles.

Define Plasmid-

Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes, located within a bacterial cell.

______________ possess DNA enclosed in a nucleus and membrane bound organelles whereas ___________ cells do not encase their DNA or organelles in a membrane.

Eukaryotes; bacterial

Which structural differences are found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells?

Single lipid-based membrane and teichoic acid

What bacteria cell type is a flexible, spring-like structure that contains periplasmic flagella?

Spirochete

What is the process of endospore formation?

Sporulation

The prefix "____________" means "grape-like clusters".

Staphylo

What structure is used in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to divide Bacteria and Achaea into four major divisions?

The cell wall

What makes Bacteria and Archaea different from Eukaryotes?

They lack a nucleus

T or F: A nucleus is surrounded by a membrane, but a nucleoid is not.

True

T or F: Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic because they entirely lack cell walls and thus display extreme variations in shape.

True

The main function of fimbriae _______________ to cells and other surfaces.

attachment

The main function of fimbriae is ____________ to cells and other surfaces.

attachment

Cylindrical bacteria cells are called ______________, whereas spherical bacterial cells are called ___________.

bacillus; coccus

What are the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria?

cell wall and cell membrane

During _________ , bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to chemical signals.

chemotaxis

To move towards a chemical attractant by flagellar motion is referred to as positive ______________.

chemotaxis

Most bacterial cells have one ___________, which is aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid.

chromosome

The hereditary material of a bacterial cell is a (normally)single circular strand of DNA known as the bacterial _____________________________, which is aggregated in the nucleoid.

chromosome

The term used for a short, plump bacterial rod is __________.

coccobacilli

What is the correct term to describe very short, ovoid, rod-shaped bacterial cells?

coccobacilli

The genetic exchange of material through pili is termed ___________.

conjugation

What is the intercellular gelatinous solution referred to as?

cytoplasm

In bacteria, sporulation is the process of __________ formation.

endospore

What is the lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) known as?

endotoxin

Appendages that propel bacterial cells through the aqueous environment include ____________and ____________filaments.

flagella; axil filaments

Only gram-________ bacteria possesses an outer membrane.

gram-negative

All bacteria possess a cell _____________ but not all bacteria possess a cell _______.

membrane; wall

The _______ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

mycoplasma

The ____________ bacteria have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

mycoplasma

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the __________________ membrane.

outer

Aerobic bacterial are termed aerobic because they use ___________ in their metabolism.

oxygen

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ___________.

peptidoglycan

Capsules protect bacteria against immune cells known as ________________.

phagocytes

Small proteinaceous appendages in gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange are called conjugation __________________.

pili

Proteins are synthesized on the ___________, a small spherical structure located in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

ribosome

Counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum causes a bacterial cell to swim or __________ towards a stimulus, interrupted by clockwise rotation in which the cell ________ and changes its course.

runs; tumbles

The rotation of several flagellum as a group allows for smooth linear movements called a ______________ which can be interrupted by ____________ that reverse the direction.

runs; tumbles

The cell membrane is a ___________ permeable barrier of the cell.

selectively

Some bacteria are covered with a loose shield called a _________ __________ , that protects the cell from dehydration and lose of nutrients.

slime layer

A "strain" is a subgroup of a _________?

species

The helical structure of a ___________ is more ridged than the spring-shaped form of a spirochete.

spirillum

What are bacterial endospores involved in?

survival

A curved rod (comma-shaped bacterium) is specifically described as a(n) ____________.

vibrio

Which organelle's small and large subunits are composed of rRNA and protein?

Ribosome

List some of the internal structures of Prokaryotic cells:

Ribosomes, Nucleoid, and Inclusions

What term refers to the discharge of a metabolic product to the extra cellular environment?

Secretion

What staining technique is most commonly used to differentiate most bacteria based on their cell wall structure?

Gram-stain

What two macromolecules made up the major components of cell membranes?

Lipids and Proteins

What does the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell contain?

Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoproteins

What do the functions of the cell wall include?

Maintaining the shape of the bacterium and preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure.

How many chromosomes do bacteria cells have?

One

List some of the external structures of Prokaryotic cells:

Pili, Flagella, and Glycocalx

____________are specialized channel proteins, located in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells.

Porins

What is the function of Glycocalyx?

Protection and adherence

What are porins?

Protein channels that span the outer membrane

What cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing protein?

Ribosome