Chapter 4: Carbohydrates

True or False: the DV for carbs is 300 g of carbs when consuming a 2000 kcal diet.

True

True or false: the liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

True

Glycogen

A CARBOHYDRATE made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure. It is the storage form of glucose in humans and is synthesized (STORED) in the LIVER and MUSCLES.

What does the term starch mean?

A carb made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest.

Which alternative sweetener is about 200 times sweeter than sucrose and does not cause tooth decay?

Aspartame

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

Beans, bread, vegetables

When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following?

Blockages in the intestine

What is insulin's effect on blood glucose?

DECREASES blood glucose

What is happening for carbohydrate and fiber digestion occurring at this point of the GI system? STOMACH

Everything stops because of the stomach's acidic environment

True or false: Insoluble fiber in the large intestine is fermented by bacteria, which results in the formation of gas.

FALSE: SOLUBLE fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, which results in the formation of gas.

What is happening for carbohydrate and fiber digestion occurring at this point of the GI system? LARGE INTESTINE

FIBER is FERMENTED

True or False: For weight management, use honey rather than table sugar (sucrose) to sweeten foods.

False; honey offers essentially the same nutritional value as sucrose.

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides : glucose and _________.

Fructose

If the pancreas detects HYPERGLYCEMIA, what hormone is released?

GLUCAGON to INCREASE glucose

The storage of glucose is called?

GLYCOGEN

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

Glucose

______________ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar.

Glucose

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

Glucose and Galactose

What are the most common monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Amylopectin

Highly branched chain of glucose units

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

What is glucagon's effect on blood glucose?

INCREASES blood glucose

If the pancreas detects HYPOGLYCEMIA, what hormone is released?

INSULIN to DECREASE glucose

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together?

Maltose

_________________ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

What are some natural food sources of of sucrose?

Maple sugar, sugar beets

What is a major food source of lactose?

Milk

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

NO; milk is a natural form of lactose.

Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?

Omega-3 Fat

What is happening for carbohydrate and fiber digestion occurring at this point of the GI system? SMALL INTESTINE

Pancreatic amylase is released and monosaccharides are absorbed

Fiber is considered a ___________.

Polysaccharide; fibers cannot be digested by human enzymes.

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (eg: hundreds) of glucose units together?

Polysaccharides

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants SYNTHESIZE the CARBS in our food. Leaves capture the energy of the sun -> transform into chemical energy -> this energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose.

Which of the following alternative sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but has since been proven safe?

Saccharin

Amylose

Straight chain of glucose units

Secondary lactose maldigestion

TEMPORARILY decreased production of lactase due to a SPECIFIC cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of LARGE QUANTITIES of lactose.

Monosaccharides

The SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS that serve as the basic unit of ALL carbohydrate structures.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide ENERGY for the body

Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?

Type 2 diabetic patients.

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?

Whole fruit and cut up fruit

Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called:

Whole grains

What is happening for carbohydrate and fiber digestion occurring at this point of the GI system? MOUTH

You are chewing and amylase is released, starch is broken down with the saliva

Fermentation of undigested carbs in the large intestine leads to the production of:

acids and gases

Monosaccharides typically follow an ____________ absorption process.

active

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two ________ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

amino

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ________ is digested more rapidly than ____________.

amylopectin; amylose

Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

apples, oatmeal, kidney beans

Dairy products provide key nutrients responsible for many health benefits, especially improved _____ health.

bone

A high-________ dietary patter is clearly associated with development of dental caries.

carb

When bacteria in the mouth metabolize ______________, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.

carbohydrates

Which type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

cellulose

Which of the following are major sources of added sugars in American diets?

dairy desserts, soft drinks, cakes and cookies

Soluble fiber _________ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Most of the fructose in the diet is converted to ______________ in the liver.

glucose

In the liver, galactose is either transformed into _________ or further metabolized into ______________.

glucose; glycogen

Glycogen, the stored form of glucose, is stored in the ________ and _________

liver, muscle

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

sorbitol

The artificial sweetener _________________ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat.

sucralose

Which sweeteners provide calories?

sugars, sugar alcohols

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

vegetables, grains, and fruits

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

Amylose, cellulose, amylopectin

Which of the following statements about fiber is true?

- Adds bulk to feces - A substance found in plants - Is a complex carb

A high-fiber diet is helpful for weight-management because:

- Its bulk contributes to satiety. - It provides few calories.

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

- Sweating - Hunger - Shakiness - Irritability

Which of the following are good sources of viscous fiber?

- apples - kidney beans - carrots

The five subgroups that vegetables are organized include:

- dark green vegetables - beans and peas - starchy vegetables - red and orange vegetables - blue and purple vegetables

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because:

- fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. - reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver. - soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

Which of the following dietary components help to moderate swings in blood glucose?

- fiber - fat - protein

Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners :

- include saccharin, aspartame, and succralose -sweeten foods while providing few or no calories

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

- low HDL cholesterol - large waist circumference - hypertension - high fasting glucose - high blood triglycerides

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

- triglycerides - fasting glucose - blood pressure

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

-nerves -eyes -kidneys -heart

I just ate some toast and I have digested and absorbed the monosaccharides. Once the monosaccharides are converted into glucose by my liver, what are the three processes that the liver will do with the glucose?

1) Glucose is transported to the bloodstream 2) Glucose converts to glycogen and is stored in the liver and muscles 3) Excess calories turns into FAT

Rank the following foods based on carbohydrate content, from highest to lowest. - fat free milk, 1 cup - egg, 1 large - banana, 1 medium - baked potato, 1 medium

1) medium baked potato = 51 g of carbs 2) banana, medium 3) fat free milk, 1 cup = 12 g of carbs 4) egg, large = 0 g of carbs

Place in order the four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates.

1)Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach. 2) Enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine. 3) Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. 4) Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces.

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommend that ___________ of our grains come from whole grains.

1/2

A serving from the DAIRY group of MyPlate provides ___ g of carbs.

12

What is the RDA for carbs for adults?

130 g per day

A serving from the MyPlate fruit group provides __ grams of carbs.

18

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 g

A medium banana provides approximately what percentage of the RDA for carbs?

25%

What percentage of North Americans show signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

A serving from the MyPlate vegetable group provides _________ grams of carbs.

5

Vegetables, beans, bread, pasta, and rice are common food sources of:

Amylose

What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?

Amylose

Lactose intolerance

CHRONICALLY decreased production of lactase resulting in severe abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of EVEN SMALL amounts of lactose.

Primary lactose maldigestion

Chronically decreased production of lactose with NO APPARENT CAUSE; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of LARGE QUANTITIES of lactose.