CHAPTER 4 : CARBOHYDRATES : STUDY GUIDE
What is another name for lactose?
Milk Sugar
Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheese?
More lactose is removed during manufacturing.
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine & also in the _______.
Mouth
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Muscle & Liver
In what organ is most of the body's glycogen found?
Muscles
Which of the following blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL) is most consistent with hypoglycemia?
40 mg/dL
What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown?
50-100 g
How many carbon atoms are found in most common dietary monosaccharides?
6
What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?
70-100 mg/dL
Which of the following values falls within the normal range (mg/dL) of blood glucose?
75 mg/dL
If you were to exercise continuously, about how long would glycogen stores last?
A Few Hours
What is the primary means for degradation of soluble fibers in the large intestines?
Bacterial Enzymes
Which of the following fibers is water insoluble?
Cellulose
Which of the following is described as a non-starch polysaccharide?
Cellulose
Which of the following is an example of the difference between the chemical bonds in starch & those in cellulose?
Cellulose bonds are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes.
What type of nutrient is starch?
Complex Carbohydrate
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
Condensation
What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, & lignin?
Fibers
Which of the following is NOT a source of dietary carbohydrates?
Fish
What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?
Fructose
Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or Levulose?
Fructose
Which of the following is NOT a rich source of dietary starch?
Fruits
Which of the following carbohydrates is present in only very small amounts in single form in the diet?
Galactose
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
The process by which an amino acid is used to make glucose is termed _________.
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?
Glucose
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Glucose
Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of ___________.
Glucose from a non-carbohydrate substance.
What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?
Glycogen
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
Glycogen
Which of the following is NOT a common dietary source of carbohydrate?
Glycogen
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed?
Hydrolysis
Which of the following is a feature of resistant starch?
It resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes.
Which of the following is a common source of resistant starch?
Just-Ripened Bananas
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?
Lactose
Which of the following sugars in NOT found in plants?
Lactose
Which of the following are NOT water-soluble fibers?
Lignins
What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?
Liver
What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose & galactose following absorption?
Liver
What is the primary function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels
At rest, the typical body stores of glycogen can provide energy for a maximum of about________.
1 Day
What is the meaning of a resistant starch?
A fiber that escapes digestion in the small intestine.
Among the following foods, which contains the lowest amount of lactose per serving?
American Cheese
Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?
Bacteria
Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?
Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon.
Milk that has been treated with a commercially available lactase preparation undergoes which of the following changes?
Increase In Sweetness
Which of the following is a feature of glycogen?
It is almost absent from animal meats
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucose?
It is sweeter tasting than sucrose.
Which of the following is NOT an atom type found in a glucose molecule?
Nitrogen
Which of the following describes the compound phytic acid?
Non-nutrient component of plant seeds.
What is the composition of sucrose?
One Glucose & One Fructose unit.
What is the composition of lactose?
One Glucose & One Galactose Unit
What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Pancreas
Which of the following organs is NOT known to synthesize glycogen in any appreciable amounts?
Pancreas
In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?
Plant Foods
What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?
Simple Sugars
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small Intestine
Which of the following is NOT a simple carbohydrate?
Starch
Common table sugar is typically extracted from sugarcane & _________.
Sugar Beets
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?
They are classified according to solubility in water.
Which of the following is a feature of the pectins?
They are used to thicken jelly.
What is the composition of maltose?
Two Glucose Units
Which of the following is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?
Water
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
White Rice
A "functional fiber" is one that
is extracted from plants & has a beneficial health effect.