Chapter 4: Carbohydrates

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for women?

25 grams

What percentage of the 30 million adults with diabetes do not know that they have the disease?

28%

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

What percentage of carbohydrates should make up our daily caloric intake?

45-65%

How many grams of sugar (based on a 2000-kcal diet) would 10% of the caloric intake from added sugar be equal to?

50 grams

The threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than .....

6.5%

Amylopectin makes up about ______% of the digestible starches in the diet.

80%

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 10 to 1000 or more

Protein sparing

a dietary pattern that supplies enough digestible carbs to prevent breakdown of proteins for energy

Lactose

a disaccharide consisting of glucose bonded to galactose; also known as milk sugar

Maltose

a disaccharide consisting of glucose bonded to glucose; also known as malt sugar

Insoluble fiber

a fiber that does not dissolve in water and may pass through the GI tract intact so is not a source of calories

Sugar

a simple carbohydrate

Fructose

a six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form; found in fruits and honey; also known as fruit sugar

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of ........

acids and gases

Insulin

allows for the movement of glucose from the blood into body cells and signals the synthesis of glycogen

What are the two starches plants store carbohydrates as?

amylase and amylopectin

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of ......

amylose

Vegetables, beans, rice, pasta, and bread all contain .......

amylose

Intestinal gas is caused by ......

bacteria fermentation

High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicate chronically elevated ....

blood glucose

What two forms do carbs come in?

blood glucose and stored glycogen

What three things are carbs the main source of energy for?

brain, nervous system, RBCs

Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ______ and ______ in the American diet.

calories and added sugars

Starch

carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Which type of fiber is an undigestible, insoluble, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

cellulose

When cells are deprived of glucose, they metabolize lipids for energy, a process that results in formation of ketones. High levels of ketones in the blood lead to .....

coma, dehydration, iron imbalance

Sucrose

common table sugar; made up of glucose and fructose

Hypoglycemia

condition caused by low levels of blood sugar that is often related to the treatment of diabetes and often defined by 70 mg/dl or less

Metabolic syndrome

condition in which a person has poor blood glucose regulation, hypertension, increased blood triglycerides, and other health problems. This condition is usually accompanied by obesity, lack of physical activity, and a dietary pattern high in refined carbohydrates; also called Syndrome X

Lactose intolerance

condition in which symptoms such as abdominal gas and bloating appear as a result of severe lactose maldigestion

Ketosis

condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies and related breakdown products in the bloodstream and tissues

Fermentation

conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

corn syrup that has been manufactured to contain from 42% to 55% fructose

Disaccharide

created by the chemical bonding of 2 monosaccharides

A dietary pattern that is extremely high in fiber may ______ the absorption of some essential minerals, such as zinc and iron.

decrease

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Primary lactose maldigestion

develops at about age 3 to 5 years when the production of the enzyme lactase decreases. When significant symptoms develop after lactose intake, it is then called lactose intolerance

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least three risk factors for ______ and _______

diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Starches are ______ , while fibers are not.

digestible

Consumption of sugar induces hyperactivity among children.

false

In the absence of carbohydrate, ______ does not break down completely.

fat

Naturally occurring simple sugars can be found in _______ and _______

fruit and milk

resistant starch, polydextrose, indigestible dextrin, and inulin are all examples of ........

functional fiber

When blood sugar gets too low, the pancreas releases ______, which signals the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

glucagon

What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?

glucose

Which monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

glucose and galactose

Symptoms of hypoglycemia should resolve quickly with the consumption of ........

glucose, carbohydrates

Most fructose is converted to ______ , but some may be stored as ______

glucose; fat

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose, typically defined as above 125 mg/dl while in a fasted state

Dietary fiber

how all fibers are listen on nutrition labels

Functional fiber

indigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans

Cellulose

indigestible polysaccharide made of glucose molecules and found in plant cell walls

Glycemic Index (GI)

influenced by starch structure, fiber content, food processing, physical structure, and macronutrients

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

intestinal bloackage

Why is glycogen a good storage for carbs?

its highly branched structure makes it faster to break down

What is produced from the partial breakdown of fat and can lead to dehydration, ion imbalance, coma, and even death?

ketones

Glycemic Load (GL)

measure of both the quality (GI value) and quantity (grams per serving) of a carbohydrate in a meal

The enzymatic digestion of starch begins in the ______

mouth

Congenital lactase deficiency

rare birth defect resulting in the inability to produce lactase, such that a lactose-free diet is required from birth

Ketone bodies

partial breakdown products of fat that contain three or four carbons

6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy = 1 glucose and releases 6 oxygen

photosynthesis equation

What condition is occurring when the concentration of blood glucose drifts up higher than normal over a period of years?

prediabetes

______ is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100 - 125 mg/dl).

prediabetes

Photosynthesis

process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy-yielding compounds, such as glucose

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy?

protein and fat

Monosaccharide

simple sugar, such as glucose, that is not broken down further during digestion

Fructose is absorbed in the ________ and metabolized in the _______

small intestine; liver

Psyllium is a type of ______ fiber that is used as a dietary supplement to improve blood cholesterol and blood sugar.

soluble

Complex carbohydrates are usually called _____ or ______

starch or fiber

Secondary lactose maldigestion

temporary condition in which lactase production is decreased in response to illness or surgery

During low carbohydrate intake, fat is not completely metabolized, leading to the formation of ketone bodies.

true

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates to meet your body's needs for energy, some amino acids can be converted into glucose.

true

Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

true

Symptoms of hypoglycemia may include hunger, shaking, sweating, and anxiety.

true

Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity.

true

Why did the name for type 2 diabetes change from noninsulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes to type 2 diabetes?

type 2 diabetics eventually rely on insulin injections; children are developing type 2 diabetes

When is glucose most likely used to produce fat?

when overall calorie needs are exceeded

The absorption of which nutrients may be hindered with the consumption of too much fiber?

zinc, magnesium, calcium, iron

Based on a 2000-kcal diet, a moderate intake of 10% of calorie intake corresponds to approximately _____ teaspoons of sugar per day.

12

What other organ, besides the pancreas, helps regulate blood glucose?

liver

Where is glycogen stored?

liver and muscles

Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improve blood glucose control by .....

losing a moderate amount of weight

Sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, and maple sugar

naturally occurring sucrose

Can cellulose be digested?

no