Chapter 4: Elbows to Humerus
False
True/False: Based on the position below, the radial tuberosity will be pointed anteriorly.
True
True/False: Based on the position below, the radial tuberosity will be pointed anteriorly.
False
True/False: Based on the position below, the radial tuberosity will be pointed posteriorly.
True
True/False: Based on the position below, the radial tuberosity will be pointed posteriorly.
False
True/False: For an AP projection of the elbows, the patient should lean laterally until the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular with the plane of the IR.
True
True/False: The capitulum is located on the lateral side of the arm.
False
True/False: The capitulum is located on the medial side of the arm.
True
True/False: The head of the humerus is located on the proximal end.
False
True/False: The head of the humerus lies in an oblique plane on the superiolateral side.
True
True/False: The head of the humerus lies in an oblique plane on the superiomedial side.
True
True/False: The tendon of the subscapularis muscle inserts at the lesser tubercle.
False
True/False: The three areas of fat associated with the elbow joint can be visualized in the AP projection.
False
True/False: The trochlea is located on the lateral side of the arm.
True
True/False: The trochlea is located on the medial side of the arm.
True
True/False: When performing a lateral projection of the elbow, the central ray is perpendicular to the elbow joint, regardless of its location on the IR.
True
True/False: When performing an AP projection of the elbow, the radiograph will demonstrate a posterior view of the elbow.
True
True/False: When performing the Coyle method, if the area of interest is the coronoid process, the elbow is flexed 80 degrees.
False
True/False: When performing the Coyle method, if the area of interest is the coronoid process, the elbow is flexed 90 degrees.
False
True/False: When performing the Coyle method, if the area of interest is the radial head, the elbow is flexed 80 degrees.
True
True/False: When performing the Coyle method, if the area of interest is the radial head, the elbow is flexed 90 degrees.
C
Visualization of the posterior fat pad is a reliable indicator of __________________. A. Excessive medial rotation B. Excessive lateral rotation C. Elbow pathology D. Patient is not in a true lateral
D
What is the appropriate collimated field for the AP projection of the elbow? A. 2 inches (5 cm) on all sides of the elbow joint B. 2 inches (5 cm) proximal and distal to the elbow joint and 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the sides C. 1 inches (1.5 cm) on all sides of the elbow joint D. 3 inches (7.6 cm) proximal and distal to the elbow joint and 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the sides
A
What is the relationship between the humeral epicondyles and IR when performing a lateral projection of the elbows? A. The humeral epicondyles should be perpendicular to the plane of the IR B. The humeral epicondyles should be parallel to the plane of the IR C. The humeral epicondyles should be two inches above the plane of the IR D. The humeral epicondyles should be place at an angle to the plane of the IR
B
What is the roughened process of the humerus superior and lateral to the intertubercular groove? A. Lesser tubercle B. Greater tubercle C. Lateral epicondyle D. Medial epicondyle
C
When performing a lateral projection of the elbow on a patient with muscular forearms, what can the radiographer do to ensure that the forearm is parallel to the IR? A. Instruct the patient to arch their hand B. Supinate the patient's hand C. Elevate the patient's wrist D. Have the patient extend their arm
A
When performing an AP projection of the elbow, what can the radiographer do to ensure that the humeral epicondyles and anterior surface of the elbow are parallel with the IR? A. Have the patient lean laterally B. Have the patient lean medially C. Pronate the hand D. Supinate the hand
B
When performing an AP projection of the elbow, what is the significance when supinating the hand? A. To ensure the humeral epicondyles are parallel to the IR B. To prevent rotation of the bones of the forearm C. To make the patient more comfortable when positioning D. To ensure the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR
A
When performing the Coyle method, which of the following statements are true about the central ray when the area of interest is the coronoid process? 1. Central ray is angled at a 45 degree 2. The central ray is directed away from the shoulders 3. The central ray is directed towards the shoulders 4. The horizontal central ray is directed cephalad 5. The horizontal central ray is directed caudad A. 1, 2, and 5 B. 1, 3, and 4 C. 1, 2, and 4 D. 1, 3 and 5
B
When performing the Coyle method, which of the following statements are true about the central ray when the area of interest is the radial head? 1. Central ray is angled at a 45 degree 2. The central ray is directed away from the shoulders 3. The central ray is directed towards the shoulders 4. The horizontal central ray is directed cephalad 5. The horizontal central ray is directed caudad A. 1, 2, and 5 B. 1, 3, and 4 C. 1, 2, and 4 D. 1, 3 and 5
C
When the patient is seated seated or supine and the elbow is flexed at 80 degrees and the CR is angled 45 degrees away from the shoulder the area of interest is the ________________. A. Olecranon process B. Coronoid fossa C. Coronoid process D. Radial head
D
When the patient is seated seated or supine and the elbow is flexed at 90 degrees and the CR is angled 45 degrees towards the shoulder the area of interest is the ________________. A. Olecranon process B. Coronoid fossa C. Coronoid process D. Radial head
E
Which anatomy is located superior to the condyles and are easily palpated? A. Lateral epicondyle B. Medial epicondyle C. Coronoid fossa D. Olecranon fossa E. A and B F. C and D G. A and D
A
Which bony process is located on the anterior surface of the proximal humerus? A. Lesser tubercle B. Greater tubercle C. Lateral epicondyle D. Medial epicondyle
B
Which depression is located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus? A. Radial notch B. Coronoid fossa C. Olecranon fossa D. Intertubercular groove
A
Which evaluation criterion indicates that the humerus was properly positioned for lateral projection? A. The lesser tubercle is seen in profile B. Beam divergence opens the elbow joint C. The humeral head and greater tubercle are both seen in profile D. Maximum visualization of the epicondyles without rotation is seen
D
Which evaluation criterion indicates that the humerus was properly positioned for the AP projection? A. The epicondyles are superimposed B. The lesser tubercle is seen in profile C. The greater tubercle is superimposed over the humeral head D. The humeral head and greater tubercle are bone seen in profile
C
Which letter on this image corresponds to the body of the humerus? A. L B. N C. D D. K
A
Which letter on this image corresponds to the capitulum? A. C B. D C. G D. H
B
Which letter on this image corresponds to the head of the humerus? A. A B. L C. C D. K
B
Which of the following anatomy does A represent? A. Humerus B. Radius C. Ulnar D. Shoulder
D
Which of the following anatomy does B represent? A. Capitulum B. Trochlea C. Medial epicondyle D. Lateral epicondyle
C
Which of the following anatomy does B represent? A. Humerus B. Radius C. Ulnar D. Shoulder
A
Which of the following anatomy does C represent? A. Capitulum B. Trochlea C. Lateral epicondyle D. Medial epicondyle
A
Which of the following anatomy does C represent? A. Capitulum B. Trochlea C. Radial fossa D. Lateral epicondyle
B
Which of the following anatomy does D represent? A. Capitulum B. Trochlea C. Lateral epicondyle D. Medial epicondyle
B
Which of the following anatomy does D represent? A. Radial neck B. Radial head C. Coronoid process D. Lateral epicondyle
C
Which of the following anatomy does E represent? A. Capitulum B. Trochlea C. Lateral epicondyle D. Medial epicondyle
D
Which of the following anatomy does F represent? A. Capitulum B. Trochlea C. Lateral epicondyle D. Medial epicondyle
B
Which of the following anatomy does G represent? A. Olecranon fossa B. Olecranon process C. Trochlea notch D. Coronoid process
D
Which of the following anatomy does H represent? A. Olecranon fossa B. Olecranon process C. Trochlea notch D. Coronoid process
C
Which of the following anatomy does I represent? A. Olecranon fossa B. Olecranon process C. Trochlea notch D. Coronoid process
C
Which of the following anatomy does letter G represent? A. Olecranon process B. Trochlea C. Olecranon fossa D. Coronoid process
A
Which of the following anatomy does letter I represent? A. Olecranon process B. Trochlea C. Olecranon fossa D. Coronoid process
C
Which of the following anatomy does letter J represent? A. Capitulum B. Coronoid fossa C. Trochlea D. Coronoid process
D
Which of the following anatomy does letter K represent? A. Radial head B. Coronoid fossa C. Trochlea D. Coronoid process
C
Which of the following anatomy does letter L represent? A. Radial neck B. Radial head C. Radial tuberosity D. Radial notch
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter A? A. Anatomic neck B. Greater tubercle C. Head D. Surgical neck
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter A? A. Coronoid process B. Capitulum C. Medial condyle D. Lateral condyle
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter A? A. Lesser tubercle B. Head C. Greater tubercle D. Capitulum
D
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter B? A. Coronoid process B. Capitulum C. Medial condyle D. Lateral condyle
D
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter B? A. Lesser tubercle B. Anatomic neck C. Greater tubercle D. Intertubercular groove
B
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter C? A. Coronoid fossa B. Radial fossa C. Capitulum D. Lateral epicondyle
A
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter C? A. Lesser tubercle B. Anatomic neck C. Greater tubercle D. Intertubercular groove
B
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter C? A. Trochlea B. Capitulum C. Medial epicondyle D. Olecranon fossa
A
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter D? A. Trochlea B. Capitulum C. Medial epicondyle D. Olecranon fossa
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter E? A. Coronoid fossa B. Medial epicondyle C. Lateral epicondyle D. Capitulum
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter E? A. Olecranon fossa B. Surgical neck C. Anatomic neck D. Greater tubercle
D
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter F? A. Coronoid fossa B. Olecranon fossa C. Lateral epicondyle D. Radial fossa
D
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter F? A. Greater tubercle B. Lesser tubercle C. Anatomic neck D. Surgical neck
A
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter G? A. Coronoid process B. Coronoid fossa C. Olecranon process D. Olecranon fossa
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter H? A. Coronoid fossa B. Lateral epicondyle C. Medial epicondyle D. Trochlea
A
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter H? A. Trochlea B. Capitulum C. Ulna D. Coronoid process
D
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter I? A. Coronoid process B. Trochlea C. Olecranon fossa D. Coronoid fossa
B
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter I? A. Olecranon fossa B. Coronoid fossa C. Medial epicondyle D. Radial fossa
A
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter K? A. Humeral condyle B. Proximal end of the humerus C. Epicondyle D. Head of the humerus
B
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter K? A. Ulnar head B. Olecranon C. Coronoid process D. Olecranon fossa
C
Which of the following anatomy is demonstrated at letter N? A. Humeral head B. Anatomic neck C. Surgical neck D. Lesser tubercle
D
Which of the following anatomy is located on the lateral surface of the humeral bone just below the anatomical neck. A. Intertubercular groove B. Surgical neck C. Lesser tubercle D. Greater tubercle
D
Which of the following can be determined from the radiograph below? A. The patient is rotated medially B. The patient is excessively rotated laterally C. The patient is non-ambulatory D. The patient has elbow joint effusion
B
Which of the following does letter A represent? A. Anterior fat pad B. Posterior fat pad C. Supinator fat pad
A
Which of the following does letter B represent? A. Anterior fat pad B. Posterior fat pad C. Supinator fat pad
F
Which of the following fat pad(s) are significant in diagnosing elbow pathology in a lateral projection? 1. Anterior fat pad 2. Supinated fat pad 3. Posterior fat pad A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 only E. 2 and 3 only F. 1 and 3 only
B
Which of the following letter corresponds to the Anatomic neck? A. C B. M C. N D. B
C
Which of the following letter corresponds to the capitulum? A. C B. H C. D D. B
D
Which of the following letter corresponds to the lateral epicondyle? A. D B. H C. G D. None of the above
B
Which of the following letter corresponds to the medial epicondyle? A. D B. H C. G D. C
B
Which of the following letter corresponds to the radius? A. D B. E C. F D. G
A
Which of the following letter corresponds to the trochlea? A. J B. G C. H D. I
C
Which of the following letter corresponds to the ulna? A. D B. E C. F D. G
A
Which of the following letter corresponds with the humerus? A. A B. F C. M D.G
B
Which of the following letter corresponds with the medial epicondyle? A. B B. H C. I D. C
C
Which of the following letter corresponds with the olecranon fossa? A. I B. C C. J D. K
C
Which of the following letter corresponds with the radial neck? A. D B. K C. E D. F
B
Which of the following letter corresponds with the radius? A. L B. F C. M D. G
C
Which of the following letter corresponds with the ulna? A. J B. F C. M D. L
C
Which of the following letters corresponds with the supinator fat pad? A. A B. B C. C
D
Which of the following methods can be used if the patient is unable to internally or externally rotate the arms and the radial head and Coronoid process are the area of interest? A. Lawrence method B. Grashey method C. Apple method D. Coyle method
D
Which of the following methods is represented below? A. Lawrence method B. Grashey method C. Apple method D. Coyle method
B
Which of the following should be used to image the radial head on a trauma patient? A. Lateral projection flexion fo the elbow joint B. Axislateral projection (Coyle method) of elbow joint C. AP elbow, partial flexion position D. AP oblique projection of the forearm
D
Which of the following statements are true about the coronoid fossa? 1. Is a shallow depression 2. Located lateral to the coronoid fossa and proximal to the capitulum 3. Located on the anterior surface superior to the trochlea 4. Articulates with the coronoid process when the elbow is extended 5. Articulates with the coronoid process when the elbow is flexed A. 1, 3 and 4 B. 1, 2, and 5 C. 1, 2, and 4 D. 1, 3 and 5
C
Which of the following statements are true about the elbow? A. When the elbow is flexed, the the olecranon fossa accommodates with the olecranon processes B. The radial fossa receives the radial head when the elbow is extended C. The olecranon fossa is open when the elbow is in flexion D. The coronoid fossa articulates with the coronoid process when the elbow is extended
C
Which of the following statements are true about the olecranon fossa? 1. Located lateral to the coronoid fossa and proximal to the capitulum 2. Located immediately behind the coronoid fossa on the posterior surface 3. Located immediately in front of the coronoid fossa on the anterior surface 4. Is a deep depression 5. Articulates with the coronoid process when the elbow is flexed A. 1, 4, and 5 B. 2, 3, and 4 C. 2 and 4 only D. 2 and 5 only
C
Which of the following statements are true when performing an AP projection of the elbow? A. The humeral epicondyles are superimposed B. The radiographer should pronate the hand to prevent rotation C. Humeral epicondyles are parallel to the IR D. Humeral epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR
B
Which of the following structures articulates with the radial head when the elbow is flexed? A. E B. F C. J D. I
D
Which part of the humerus is demonstrated at letter B? A. Head B. Anatomic neck C. Surgical neck D. Body
C
Which part of the image indicates that the elbow was incorrectly positioned fo this view? A.The radial head is seen in profile B. The radial tuberosity is facing anteriorly C. The humeral epicondyles are not superimposed
B
Which part of the image indicates that the elbow was incorrectly positioned? A. The olecranon process is seen in profile B. The radial tuberosity does not face anteriorly C. The humeral epicondyles are not superimposed
C
Which positioning characteristic best indicates that the humerus is properly positioned for the AP projection of the humerus? A. The hand is pronated on the table B. The hand is true lateral on the table C. The humeral epicondyles coronal plane is parallel with the IR D. The humeral epicondyles coronal plane is perpendicular to the IR
A
Which positioning error most likely caused the elbow to appear as it does in this image? A. The hand was pronated, causing radial crossover of the ulna B. The upper arm was not parallel and in contact with the IR and table C. The central ray was angled longitudinally with the long axis of the forearm
B
Which positioning error most likely caused the elbow to appear as it does in this image? A. The hand was supinated B. The hand was medially rotated C. The upper arm was not parallel and in contact with the IR and table
A
Which projection is shown below? A. AP projection of the elbow B. PA projection of the elbow C. AP oblique projection and medial rotation of the elbow D. AP oblique projection and lateral rotation of the elbow
B
Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile? A. AP projection B. Lateral projection C. AP oblique, lateral rotation position D. AP oblique, media rotation position
C
Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head free of bony superimposition? A. AP B. Lateral C. AP oblique, lateral rotation position D. AP oblique, media rotation position
A
Which structure articulates with the ulna to form the humeroulnar joint? A. Trochlea B. Capitulum C. Radial head D. Humeral head
B
With reference from the trochlea, where is the capitulum located? A. Distal B. Lateral C. Medial D. Proximal
D
A patient arrives at the apartment with the fraction seen below. The patient is unable to abduct the arm. What would be the best method to demonstrate the fracture in a lateral projection? A. Coyle method B. Grashey method C. Apple method D. Lawrence Transthoracic method
C
A patient arrives at the department and they want to see the the entire circumference of the radial head free of superimposition. How may projections with varying positions of the hand are performed? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6
B
A patient arrives at the department for an AP projection of the elbow. The patient is unable to extend his arm and the physician request you to perform a partial flexion where the distal humeral is in profile. In this projection, unless contraindicated, the hand is _______________. A. Pronated B. Supinated C. Lateral D. Flexed
D
A patient arrives at the department with a fractured coracoid process. Which of the following projections would be the most appropriate to perform? A. AP projection B. Lateral projection C. AP oblique projection lateral rotation D. AP oblique projection medial rotation
B
A patient arrives at the department with a proximal fracture of the humerus and is unable to rotate or abduct the arm. The referring physician is requesting a lateral projection of the injury. Which of the following method should the radiographer perform? A. Coyle method B. Lawrence Transthoracic method C. Grashey method D. Inferiosuperior axial projection Lawrence method
D
A patient arrives in the department and is position for a lateral projection with his elbow flexed 90 degrees. Which of the following fat pad(s) can be visualized in this projection? 1. Anterior fat pad 2. Supinated fat pad 3. Posterior fat pad A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 only E. 2 and 3 only F. 1 and 3 only
C
According to Grisworld, why is it important to flex the elbow at a 90 degree for a lateral projection? 1. To ensure that the coronoid process is in profile 2. To ensure the olecranon process is in profile 3. To prevent rotation of the bones of the forearm 4. The fat pads are the least compressed at 90 degree A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 3 and 4 only
C
Based on evaluation criteria, which of the following indicate the humerus was properly positioned for the AP projection? 1. Epicondyles superimposed 2. Epicondyles are maximally seen and not rotated 3. Greater tubercle is superimposed over the humeral head 4. Humeral head and greater tubercle are both seen in profile 5. Lesser tubercle is seen in profile and toward the glenoid fossa 6. Outline of the lesser tubercle is located between the humeral head and the greater tubercle A. 1, 3, and 5 B. 2, 3, and 6 C. 2, 4, and 6 D. 1, 5, and 6
A
Based on the position below, the area of interest is the ________________. A. Coronoid process B. Olecranon process C. Coracoid process D. Radial head
C
Based on the radiograph below, determine the following questions. 1. How was the patient positioned? 2. How was the central ray directed? A. The patient's elbow was flexed at a 80 degree angle and the CR was directed at a angled 45-degree angle towards the shoulders. B. The patient's elbow was flexed at a 90 degree angle and the CR was angle at a 45-degree caudad C. The patient's elbow was flexed at a 90 degree angle and the CR was angled at a 45-degree cephalad D. The patent's elbow was flexed at a 80 degree angle and the CR was directed at a 45-degree angle away from the shoulders
D
Based on the radiograph below, determine the following questions. 1. How was the patient positioned? 2. How was the central ray directed? A. The patient's elbow was flexed at a 80 degree angle and the CR was directed at a angled 45-degree angle towards the shoulders. B. The patient's elbow was flexed at a 90 degree angle and the CR was angle at a 45-degree caudad C. The patient's elbow was flexed at a 90 degree angle and the CR was angled at a 45-degree cephalad D. The patent's elbow was flexed at a 80 degree angle and the CR was directed at a 45-degree angle away from the shoulders
E
Based on the radiograph below, the hand was _________________. A. Supinated B. In a lateral position C. Pronated D. Internally rotated E. A and B only F. C and D only
F
Based on the radiograph below, the hand was _________________. A. Supinated B. In a lateral position C. Pronated D. Internally rotated E. A and B only F. C and D only
D
Does the following radiograph meet evaluation criterial for a lateral projection? Why or why not? A. The image meets evaluation criteria because the humeral epicondyles are superimposed B. The image does not meet evaluation criteria because the radial tuberosity is facing posteriorly C. The image does not meet evaluation criteria because the three concentric circles are not visible D. B and C
A
For the axiolateral projection (Coyle method) of the elbow to demonstrate the coronoid process, the elbow is: A. Flexed 80 degrees B. Flexed 90 degrees C. In hyperflexion D. In hyper extension
C
Letter G represents which of the following anatomy? A. Radial fossa B. Coronoid fossa C. Capitulum D. Trochlea
E
Number 1 represents which of the following concentric circles? A. Outer ridge of the capitulum B. Trochlear sulcus C. Medial border of the trochlea D. Lateral border of the trochlea E. B and D F. A and C
A
Number 2 represents which of the following concentric circles? A. Outer ridge of the capitulum B. Trochlear sulcus C. Medial border of the trochlea D. Lateral border of the trochlea E. B and D F. A and C
E
Number 3 represents which of the following concentric circles? A. Outer ridge of the capitulum B. Trochlea notch C. Medial border of the trochlea D. Lateral border of the trochlea E. B and C F. A and D
A
The _____________ receives the radial head when the elbow is flexed and is located lateral to the coronoid fossa and proximal to the capitulum. A. Radial fossa B. Medial epicondyle C. Olecranon fossa D. Lateral epicondyles
A
The _________________ fat pad is located in the anterior coronoid & radial fossae. A. Anterior B. Posterior C. Supinated
C
The _________________ fat pad is positioned anterior to and parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius. A. Anterior B. Posterior C. Supinated
B
The _________________ fat pad lies in the olecranon fossa. A. Anterior B. Posterior C. Supinated
B
The ____________________ is situated on the anterior surface of the humerus bone immediately below the anatomic neck. A. Greater tubercle B. Lesser tubercle C. Intertuberclular groove D. Surgical neck
A
The capitulum lies on the same side as the ______________. 1. Medial epicondyle 2. Lateral epicondyle 3. Radial fossa 4. Olecranon fossa 5. Coronoid fossa A. 2 and 3 only B. 2, 3, and 4 C. 1, 4 and 5 D. 3 and 4 only
C
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with which of the following? A. Ulna B. Radial tuberosity C. Radial head D. Radial notch
B
The constriction of the humerus body just below the tubercles is called the ____________________ which is the site of many fractures. A. Anatomic neck B. Surgical neck C. Intertubercular groove D. Humeral condyle
C
The entire distal end of the humerus is called the ____________________. A. Head B. Humeral epicondyle C. Humeral condyle D. Trochlea
C
The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints are classified as what type of joint? A. Saddle joint B. Gliding joint C. Hinge joint D. Ellipsoidal joint
D
The medial rotation on an AP elbow demonstrates which anatomy in profile free from superimposition? A. Radial head B. Olecranon process C. Ulna D. Coronoid process
B
The radius is located on the _________________ side of the arm. A. Medial B. Lateral C. Anterior D. Posterior
B
The trochlea articulates with which of the following at the trochlear notch? A. Radial head B. Ulna C. Coronoid process D. Radial notch
B
The trochlea is located on the _____________ side of the humerus while the capitulum is located on the ________________ side. A. Lateral; medial B. Medial ; lateral C. Anterior; posterior D. Posterior; anterior
C
The trochlea lies on the same side as the ___________________. A. Radial fossa B. Lateral epicondyle C. Coronoid fossa D. Capitulum
A
The tubercles are located on the ________________ end of the humerus. A. Proximal B. Distal
A
The ulna is located on the _________________ side of the arm. A. Medial B. Lateral C. Anterior D. Posterior
