Chapter 4
Nelson is thinking about the structures of the central nervous system, marveling at its size. Specifically, he is amazed to learn that the spinal cord contains approximately _____ billion neurons all on its own.
1
The spinal cord represents approximately _____ percent of the total weight of the central nervous system.
2
When participants viewed faces from their own racial group in a study, what happened?
Activity in the Amygdala was lower than when they viewed faces from another racial group
The endocrine system is directly involved with _____.
Arousal, metabolism, growth, and sex
Dr. Gedge is examining a cell under a microscope. He sees a long, fibrous strand of tissue extending from one end of the cell body. He immediately recognizes this as a(n) ____, which is responsible for ____.
Axon; carrying signals away from the cell body
Parkinson's disease, characterized by difficulties in initiating voluntary movements, is caused by degeneration of the _____.
Basal ganglia
Which of the following involves the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Betty meditates and visualizes positive outcomes every morning upon awakening
Neuron
Cell body contains the nucleus and carries out most housekeeping functions axon: used to SEND information dendrite: used to RECEIVE information
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and _____ nervous systems.
Central; peripheral
Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work?
Gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmother's kitchen
The _____, which is essential in the formation of long-term memories, takes its name from the Greek word for seahorse.
Hippocampus
The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes?
Hypothalamus
The structure known as the "control center" of the endocrine system is the _____.
Hypothalamus
What distinguishes a neuron from most other cell types?
It has specialized features fro sending and receiving messages
Santiago Ramon y Cajal made which important contribution that helped to advance the modern study of biopsychology?
It helped us understand the microscopic level of the nervous system
Which early scientist's work helped us to understand the relationships between larger structures of the human brain?
John Hughlings Jackson
Endocrine system
Metabolism, arousal, growth, sex, glands, hormones
The fundamental building block of the nervous system is the _____.
Neuron
Which of the following descriptions of the cerebral cortical lobes is INCORRECT?
Parietal involved with motor behavior
Which part of the brain is best described as responsible for piecing together sensory input to form meaningful perceptions of the world?
Parietal lobes
The two main divisions of the human nervous system are the central nervous system and the _____ nervous system
Peripheral
The two divisions of the nervous system are the ______.
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
Professor Diop notices that one of her students appears particularly attentive in class today. She surmises that cells in the student's _____ must be firing at a fast rate
Reticular formation
Stephanie reports to her physician that she suddenly cannot sleep because she is unable to tune out noises such as the humming of the refrigerator or an occasional car driving down the street. After undergoing an MRI, she finds out that she has a tumor in her ____.
Reticular formation
Somatic nervous system
Sensation and movement, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Aaron flexes his muscles as he shoots a basketball into the basket. His voluntary use of his muscles is controlled by which nervous system?
Somatic
What system transmits commands for voluntary movement from the central nervous system to the muscles and brings sensory input back to the CNS for further processing?
Somatic
Marcus is excited to be working in the laboratory of Dr. Flores, an expert on electrical signaling in neurons. However, he is surprised to learn that the research is done on squid axons placed in sea water. He asks Dr. Flores the reasons for this. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Dr. Flores provides?
Squid axons are myelinated, increasing the speed of propagation of an action potential
You see a vicious-looking squirrel getting ready to attack you. What specific part of the nervous system would be activated to prepare you for this fight-or-flight response?
Sympathetic
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system: arousal and fight or flight, Parasympathetic nervous system: rest and repair, Enteric nervous system: control of the gastrointestinal system
You're looking at a book entitle Your Autonomic Nervous System. One of the chapter titles is confusing based on what you've learned in this class. Which title is inconsistent with your understanding of the autonomic nervous system?
The Autonomic Nervous System: You CAN Control It All!
Which branch of the nervous system contains as many nerve cells as are found in the spinal cord?
The enteric system
Molly, a second year neuroscience graduate student, treats neurons grown in a petri dish with drugs that "block" the function of neuronal receptors. What is a consequence of the drug treatment?
The neurons will not be able to "sense" neurotransmitters, blocking neuronal communication
Dr. Stevens, a drug addiction researcher, hopes to find a drug that will stop heroin addiction. Which area of the brain is most likely a focus of Dr. Stevens' research?
The nucleus accumbens
Regarding neurons, which of the following statements is FALSE?
They are the only cells found in the nervous system
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
application of magnetic fields to the brain through an instrument held near the scalp
Areas of the brain that are NOT primarily sensory or motor in function are called the
association cortex
The affect of a neurotransmitter on an adjacent neuron, muscle, or organ _____.
can be either excitatory or inhibitory
Axons leaving the spinal cord
carry sensory and motor messages
The large central mass of a neuron that contains the neuron's nucleus is called the ______.
cell body
The two main divisions of the human nervous system are peripheral nervous system and the _____ nervous system.
central
The brain and the spinal cord make up the _____.
central nervous system
Police Officer Amy Randall suspects that the driver of a car in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. She pulls the driver over and administers a field sobriety test. She asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. This test is performed because the _____ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol.
cerebellum
You are at a wedding and without realizing it have several glasses of champagne when you only meant to have one or two. On the way back to your hotel room you are a bit clumsy, and stumble into a wall. This is likely because the _____ has been affected by the alcohol you consumed.
cerebellum
Damage to the midbrain would most likely result in _____.
changes in pain perceptions
The hippocampus is crucial for memories involving _____.
declarative information
Eycine operated the telephone switchboard at a large company, answering calls and directing them to the appropriate extensions. Remembering her introductory psychology class, she decided that her situation was much like that of the _____ of the neurons, because numerous people could call her at one time, but she could send out only one call at a time
dendrites and axons
Michael is a physician who suffers from Parkinson's Disease, and because of the tremors associated with the condition he has to retire from practice. Which neurotransmitter is most likely affected from the disease?
dopamine
"Look over there. It's a poisonous snake!" your friend yells as the two of you are hiking. What is the pathway of neural activity?
eyes-thalamus-amygdala
What lobe is the most forward of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex? Hint: it is the location of the primary motor cortex and some of the most complex cognitive processes.
frontal
Ronald has suffered a bleed to the back of his brain, and doctors want to know what is happening with his brain activity as a result. Which type of test would be the most appropriate for this purpose?
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Optogenetics
genetically inserted light-sensitive proteins allow cells in the Main to be turned on with light
The cells that form tight connections with the blood vessels serving the nervous system are called _____.
glia cells
Seth is involved in an automobile accident and suffers damage to his temporal lobe. How may this affect his ability to process visual information?
he may have difficulty processing movement
Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his _____ was damaged.
hippocampus
Glia
hold neurons in place, clean up debris, form myelin, blood-brain barrier
Why is the primary motor cortex important for the control of movement?
it provides the highest level of voluntary control over movement
The center for the production of speech in 95% of all people is located in the _____ association area.
left frontal
The spinal cord is a(n) _____ extending from the medulla of the brain down to the middle of the back.
long cylinder of neural tissues
Persons with damage to the primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobes will
lose the feeling of touch in specific areas of the body
Event-related potential (ERP)
measurement formed by averaging EEG responses to a stimulus, such as a light a tone
Single cell recording
measurement of a single neuron's activity obtained through a surgically implanted electrode
Skin conductance response
measurement of electricity passed between two surface electrodes placed on the skin of the hand or finger
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
measurement of the brain's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp
The human capacity to empathize and identify with other people's points of view and their feelings may arise directly from the activation of
mirror neurons
Lesions
naturally occurring or deliberate damage to the brain
Although playing catch and flying a kite in the park appear to be simple activities, in reality, each of these activities requires the work of many billions of individual nerve cells called
neurons
The part of the nervous system that quiets the body after arousal and helps maintain vital functions (like breathing) at moderate levels is the _____..
parasympathetic
Synapse
point of communication between two neurons
The _____ lies above the medulla and contains structures involved with the management of _____.
pons; sleep, arousal, and facial expressions
Action potentials:
propagated down the axon to the terminal, resting potential: no incoming signals, action potential: occurs when cell reaches threshold, refractory period: follows action potential
If your parietal lobe is damaged, you would have difficulty _____.
recognizing through touch the shape of a telephone in a dark room
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
recording of the tiny amounts of magnetic output of the brain
Neurotransmitters
released when an action potential arrives at a terminal, interact with receptors in the receiving neuron's membrane, deactivated if they remain in the synaptic gap, ACh, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins
The peripheral nervous system connects the spinal cord and brain with the ______.
sensory organs, glands, and muscles
Which of the following senses is NOT routed through the thalamus?
smell
Damage to Broca's area causes great difficulty in:
speaking and writing
Which of the following is NOT a neuronal component?
synapse
The brain center for hearing is in the _____ lobe.
temporal
Mrs. Agos is unable to recognize her husband by sight when he enters her hospital room. However, once she hears his voice, she recognizes him. Mrs. Agos has likely suffered damage to her ____.
temporal lobe
Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency room, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____.
temporal lobe
The _____ lobe in the cerebral cortex curves around the side of each hemisphere and is the location of the primary _____ cortex.
temporal; auditory
The motor cortex initiates all voluntary movements and is found in _____.
the frontal lobe
The story of Phineas Gage demonstrates that _____.
the frontal lobe seems to be involved in emotion and decision making
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
to promote digestion
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans work by _____
tracing the amount of glucose used in different parts of the brain
